java集合（3）——HashMap和HashTable的区别

1.null key & null value

//HashMap
 public HashMap(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal initial capacity: " +
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (initialCapacity > MAXIMUM_CAPACITY)
            initialCapacity = MAXIMUM_CAPACITY;
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal load factor: " +
                                               loadFactor);
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        this.threshold = tableSizeFor(initialCapacity);
    }
//Hashtable
    public Hashtable(int initialCapacity, float loadFactor) {
        if (initialCapacity < 0)
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Capacity: "+
                                               initialCapacity);
        if (loadFactor <= 0 || Float.isNaN(loadFactor))
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor);

        if (initialCapacity==0)
            initialCapacity = 1;
        this.loadFactor = loadFactor;
        table = new Entry<?,?>[initialCapacity];
        threshold = (int)Math.min(initialCapacity * loadFactor, MAX_ARRAY_SIZE + 1);
    }

从代码上看HashMap允许null值，而Hashtable遇见null会抛 *IllegalArgumentException("Illegal Load: "+loadFactor)*异常

2.初始值和扩容大小

public Hashtable() {
    this(11, 0.75f);
}
protected void rehash() {
        int oldCapacity = table.length;
        Entry<?,?>[] oldMap = table;

        // 每次扩充为原来的2n+1
        int newCapacity = (oldCapacity << 1) + 1;
        //......
}
// 哈希表默认初始大小为2^4=16
static final int DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY = 1 << 4; // aka 16
 
final Node<K,V>[] resize() {
        Node<K,V>[] oldTab = table;
        int oldCap = (oldTab == null) ? 0 : oldTab.length;
        int oldThr = threshold;
        int newCap, newThr = 0;
        if (oldCap > 0) {
            if (oldCap >= MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
                threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
                return oldTab;
            }
            else if ((newCap = oldCap << 1) < MAXIMUM_CAPACITY &&
                     oldCap >= DEFAULT_INITIAL_CAPACITY)
                newThr = oldThr << 1; // 扩充为原来的2n
                //......
}

可以看到HashTable默认的初始大小为11，之后每次扩充为原来的2n+1。HashMap默认的初始化大小为16，之后每次扩充为原来的2倍。还有我没列出代码的一点，就是如果在创建时给定了初始化大小，那么HashTable会直接使用你给定的大小，而HashMap会将其扩充为2的幂次方大小。

3.线程安全

我们说HashTable是同步的，HashMap不是，也就是说HashTable在多线程使用的情况下，不需要做额外的同步，而HashMap则不行。那么HashTable是怎么做到的呢？

public synchronized V get(Object key) {
    Entry tab[] = table;
    int hash = hash(key);
    int index = (hash & 0x7FFFFFFF) % tab.length;
    for (Entry<K,V> e = tab[index] ; e != null ; e = e.next) {
        if ((e.hash == hash) && e.key.equals(key)) {
            return e.value;
        }
    }
    return null;
}
 
public Set<K> keySet() {
    if (keySet == null)
        keySet = Collections.synchronizedSet(new KeySet(), this);
    return keySet;
}

可以看到，也比较简单，就是公开的方法比如get都使用了synchronized描述符。而遍历视图比如keySet都使用了Collections.synchronizedXXX进行了同步包装。