《计算机网络—自顶向下方法》 第四章套接字编程：ICMPping程序

作业描述

《计算机网络：自顶向下方法》中第四章末尾给出了此编程作业的简单描述：
ping是一种流行的网络应用程序，用于测试位于远程的某个特定的主机是否开机和可达。它也经常用于测量客户主机和目标主机之间的时延。
他的工作过程是：向目标主机发送ICMP“回显请求”分组（即ping分组），并且侦听ICMP“回显响应”应答（即pong分组）。ping测量RTT，记录分组丢失和计算多个ping-pong交换（往返时间的最小，平均，最大和标准差）的统计汇总。
在本实验中，你将用Python语言编写自己的ping应用程序。你的应用程序将使用ICMP。但为了保持程序的简单，你将不完全遵循RFC 1739中的官方规范。注意到你将仅需要写该程序的客户程序，因为服务器侧所需的功能构建在几乎所有的操作系统中。你能够在Web站点 找到本作业的全面细节，以及该Python代码的重要片段。

Python代码框架:

注意：只是框架，实现代码中有很多改动，而且这里是用的python2，但是现在谁还用py2啊？

from socket import *
import os
import sys
import struct
import time
import select
import binascii

ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST = 8

def checksum(str):
    csum = 0
    countTo = (len(str) / 2) * 2
    count = 0
    while count < countTo:
        thisVal = ord(str[count+1]) * 256 + ord(str[count])
        csum = csum + thisVal
        csum = csum & 0xffffffffL
        count = count + 2
        
    if countTo < len(str):
        csum = csum + ord(str[len(str) - 1])
        csum = csum & 0xffffffffL

    csum = (csum >> 16) + (csum & 0xffff)
    csum = csum + (csum >> 16)
    answer = ~csum
    answer = answer & 0xffff
    answer = answer >> 8 | (answer << 8 & 0xff00)
    return answer

def receiveOnePing(mySocket, ID, timeout, destAddr):
    timeLeft = timeout

    while 1:
        startedSelect = time.time()
        whatReady = select.select([mySocket], [], [], timeLeft)
        howLongInSelect = (time.time() - startedSelect)
        if whatReady[0] == []: # Timeout
            return "Request timed out."

        timeReceived = time.time()
        recPacket, addr = mySocket.recvfrom(1024)

        #Fill in start

        #Fetch the ICMP header from the IP packet
        
        #Fill in end
        
        timeLeft = timeLeft - howLongInSelect
        if timeLeft <= 0:
        	return "Request timed out."

def sendOnePing(mySocket, destAddr, ID):
    # Header is type (8), code (8), checksum (16), id (16), sequence (16)
    
    myChecksum = 0
    # Make a dummy header with a 0 checksum.
    # struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
    header = struct.pack("bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, myChecksum, ID, 1)
    data = struct.pack("d", time.time())
    # Calculate the checksum on the data and the dummy header.
    myChecksum = checksum(header + data)

    # Get the right checksum, and put in the header
    if sys.platform == 'darwin':
        myChecksum = socket.htons(myChecksum) & 0xffff
        #Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order.
    else:
        myChecksum = socket.htons(myChecksum)
    
    header = struct.pack("bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, myChecksum, ID, 1)
    packet = header + data
    
    mySocket.sendto(packet, (destAddr, 1)) # AF_INET address must be tuple, not str
    #Both LISTS and TUPLES consist of a number of objects
    #which can be referenced by their position number within the object

def doOnePing(destAddr, timeout):
    icmp = socket.getprotobyname("icmp")

    #SOCK_RAW is a powerful socket type. For more details see: http://sock-raw.org/papers/sock_raw
    
    #Fill in start

    #Create Socket here

    #Fill in end

    myID = os.getpid() & 0xFFFF #Return the current process i
    sendOnePing(mySocket, destAddr, myID)
    delay = receiveOnePing(mySocket, myID, timeout, destAddr)

    mySocket.close()
    return delay

def ping(host, timeout=1):
    #timeout=1 means: If one second goes by without a reply from the server,
    #the client assumes that either the client’s ping or the server’s pong is lost
    dest = socket.gethostbyname(host)
    print "Pinging " + dest + " using Python:"
    print ""
    #Send ping requests to a server separated by approximately one second
    while 1 :
        delay = doOnePing(dest, timeout)
        print delay
        time.sleep(1)# one second
    return delay

ping("www.poly.edu")

Python代码实现（基于ICMP协议编写的Ping程序）：

import socket
import os
import sys
import struct
import time
import select
import binascii

ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST = 8

# 计算checksum
def checksum(str):
    csum = 0
    countTo = (len(str) / 2) * 2
    count = 0
    while count < countTo:
        thisVal = str[count+1] * 256 + str[count]
        csum = csum + thisVal
        csum = csum & 0xffffffff
        count = count + 2
        
    if countTo < len(str):
        csum = csum + str[len(str) - 1].decode()
        csum = csum & 0xffffffff

    csum = (csum >> 16) + (csum & 0xffff)
    csum = csum + (csum >> 16)
    answer = ~csum
    answer = answer & 0xffff
    answer = answer >> 8 | (answer << 8 & 0xff00)
    return answer

# 客户机接收服务器的Pong响应
def receiveOnePing(mySocket, ID, sequence, destAddr, timeout):
    timeLeft = timeout

    while 1:
        startedSelect = time.time()
        whatReady = select.select([mySocket], [], [], timeLeft)
        howLongInSelect = (time.time() - startedSelect)
        if whatReady[0] == []: # Timeout
            return "Request timed out."

        timeReceived = time.time()
        recPacket, addr = mySocket.recvfrom(1024)

        #Fetch the ICMP header from the IP packet
		#获得ICMP_ECHO_REPLY结构体，取出校验和checksum、序列号ID、生存时间TTL
		#获得ICMP_ECHO_REPLY结构体，取出校验和checksum、序列号ID、生存时间TTL
		
        header = recPacket[20: 28]
        type,code,checksum,packetID,sequence = struct.unpack("!bbHHh", header)
        if type == 0 and packetID == ID:
            byte_in_double = struct.calcsize("!d")
            timeSent = struct.unpack("!d", recPacket[28: 28 + byte_in_double])[0]
            delay = timeReceived - timeSent
            ttl = ord(struct.unpack("!c", recPacket[8:9])[0].decode())
            return (delay, ttl, byte_in_double)
        
        timeLeft = timeLeft - howLongInSelect
        if timeLeft <= 0:
        	return "Request timed out."

# 客户机向服务器发送一个Ping报文
def sendOnePing(mySocket, ID, sequence, destAddr):
    # Header is type (8), code (8), checksum (16), id (16), sequence (16)
    
    myChecksum = 0
    # Make a dummy header with a 0 checksum.
    # struct -- Interpret strings as packed binary data
    header = struct.pack("!bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, myChecksum, ID, sequence)
    data = struct.pack("!d", time.time())
    # Calculate the checksum on the data and the dummy header.
    myChecksum = checksum(header + data)

    # Get the right checksum, and put in the header
    #if sys.platform == 'darwin':
    #    myChecksum = socket.htons(myChecksum) & 0xffff
    #    Convert 16-bit integers from host to network byte order.
    #else:
    #    myChecksum = socket.htons(myChecksum)
    
    header = struct.pack("!bbHHh", ICMP_ECHO_REQUEST, 0, myChecksum, ID, sequence)
    packet = header + data
    
	# AF_INET address must be tuple, not str
    #Both LISTS and TUPLES consist of a number of objects
    #which can be referenced by their position number within the object
    mySocket.sendto(packet, (destAddr, 1)) 

# 客户机发出一次Ping请求
def doOnePing(destAddr, ID, sequence, timeout):
    icmp = socket.getprotobyname("icmp")

    #SOCK_RAW is a powerful socket type. For more details see: http://sock-raw.org/papers/sock_raw
    #SOCK_RAW：原始套接字
	#普通的套接字无法处理**ICMP**、IGMP等网络报文，而**SOCK_RAW**可以；

    #Create Socket here
	#创建一个套接字，使得客户机和服务器相关联
    mySocket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_RAW, icmp)
	
	# 向服务器发送一个Ping报文
    sendOnePing(mySocket, ID, sequence, destAddr)
	
	# 从服务器接收一个Pong报文
    delay = receiveOnePing(mySocket, ID, sequence, destAddr, timeout)

    mySocket.close()
    return delay

# 要调用的主体程序
def ping(host, timeout=1):
    # timeout=1 means: If one second goes by without a reply from the server,
    # the client assumes that either the client’s ping or the server’s pong is lost
    dest = socket.gethostbyname(host)
    print("Pinging " + dest + " using Python:")
    print("")
    # Send ping requests to a server separated by approximately one second
    
    myID = os.getpid() & 0xFFFF
    loss = 0
    for i in range(4): # 向服务器发出4次Ping请求
        result = doOnePing(dest, myID, i, timeout)
        if not result:
            print("第"+str(i)+"次Ping请求超时(>1s)")# 响应超时，丢包数量+1
            loss += 1
        else:
            delay = int(result[0]*1000)
            ttl = result[1]
            bytes = result[2]
            print("第"+str(i)+"次Ping请求成功：")
            print("收到的Pong响应消息："+dest+":byte(s)="+str(bytes)+"delay="+str(delay)+"ms TTL="+str(ttl))
        time.sleep(1)
    print("发送次数:"+str(4)+" 发送成功次数:"+str(4-loss)+" 丢包次数:"+str(loss))
	
    '''
        原始的请求代码(客户机发出无数次Ping请求，而且没有考虑请求成功与否)
        while 1 :
        delay = doOnePing(dest, timeout)
        print delay
        time.sleep(1)# one second
        return delay
    '''
    return
	

ping("www.baidu.com")

运行效果：

这里ping的是百度，也可以自己换个url试试。

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可选练习【待完成】

1. 目前，程序计算每个包的往返时间，并逐个打印出来。修改此命令以符合标准ping程序的工作方式。你需要在所有ping完成后，报告最小，最大和平均RTT，以及数据包丢失率（百分比）。

2. 你的程序只能检测ICMP超时。修改Ping程序，解析ICMP响应错误代码，并向用户显示相应的错误结果。ICMP响应错误码示例有0：目标网络无法到达可达，1：目标主机无法到达。

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介绍：因特网控制报文协议(ICMP，Internet Control Message Protocol)

我的理解就是：
比如上面写的这个ping程序 或者 cmd里面的ping程序，都是向一个服务器发出ping回显请求(比如请求一个网页)，然后收到pong回显响应，响应消息就是一堆的东西打印出来(比如丢包率、RTT这些)。

ICMP Header
ICMP报头从IP报头的第160位开始（使用IP选项除外）。

• Type - ICMP 类型。
• Code - 给定ICMP类型的子类型。
• Checksum - 用ICMP头和ICMP数据计算出来的错误校验和，计算时将本字段值作为0输入。
• ID - ID值，应在回显的情况下返回。
• Sequence - 序列值，应在回显的情况下返回。

Echo Request(回显请求：ping)
回显请求是一个ICMP消息，其数据将在回显（“pong”）中接收回来。主机必须响应所有回显请求，并在回显响应中包含从请求消息中接收到的所有数据。

• Type必须置为8。
• Code必须置为0。
• 客户机可以使用ID值和Sequence值来匹配响应和请求。实际上，大多数Linux系统都为每一个ping进程使用唯一ID值，Sequence值在该进程中是不断递增的。Windows使用一个固定ID值，该标识符在Windows版本之间变化，并且只在启动时重置Sequence值。
• 接收到的回显响应必须完全包含回显请求中的数据。

Echo Reply(回显响应：pong)
回显响应是用于响应回显请求而生成的ICMP消息，所有主机和路由器都必须实现该功能。

• Type和Code必须置为0。
• ID值和Sequence值用于让客户端匹配回显请求和回显响应。
• 回显响应必须完全包含接收到的回显请求中的数据。

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参考资料：

https://github.com/moranzcw/Computer-Networking-A-Top-Down-Approach-NOTES