GCC verbose mode explained

本内容主要参考问题GCC verbose mode output explanation
（内容基本一致），特地摘录下来是觉得内容很值得学习。

输出如下：

gcc -static --verbose -fno-builtin hello.c

Using built-in specs.
COLLECT_GCC=gcc
COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper
OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-8/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-8 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
Thread model: posix
gcc version 8.4.0 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) 
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu hello.c -quiet -dumpbase hello.c -mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase hello -version -fno-builtin -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong -Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection -o /tmp/ccRuue2w.s
GNU C17 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) version 8.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
        compiled by GNU C version 8.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"
ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
#include "..." search starts here:
#include <...> search starts here:
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include
 /usr/local/include
 /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
 /usr/include
End of search list.
GNU C17 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) version 8.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
        compiled by GNU C version 8.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP

GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
Compiler executable checksum: 72ca2f61babeb977fcf7485cc9c3fa79
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccnY8nTv.o /tmp/ccRuue2w.s
GNU assembler version 2.34 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34
COMPILER_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/
LIBRARY_PATH=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib/:/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/:/usr/lib/../lib/:/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../:/lib/:/usr/lib/
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccpfgOvv.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_eh -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc --build-id -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -static -z relro /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtbeginT.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../.. /tmp/ccnY8nTv.o --start-group -lgcc -lgcc_eh -lc --end-group /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'

具体解释

0. 首先明确gcc属于「compiler driver」，并不是实际执行编译操作的程序。输出首先是gcc的配置信息

   Using built-in specs.
   COLLECT_GCC=gcc
   COLLECT_LTO_WRAPPER=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper
   OFFLOAD_TARGET_NAMES=nvptx-none
   OFFLOAD_TARGET_DEFAULT=1
   Target: x86_64-linux-gnu
   Configured with: ../src/configure -v --with-pkgversion='Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2' --with-bugurl=file:///usr/share/doc/gcc-8/README.Bugs --enable-languages=c,ada,c++,go,brig,d,fortran,objc,obj-c++ --prefix=/usr --with-gcc-major-version-only --program-suffix=-8 --program-prefix=x86_64-linux-gnu- --enable-shared --enable-linker-build-id --libexecdir=/usr/lib --without-included-gettext --enable-threads=posix --libdir=/usr/lib --enable-nls --enable-bootstrap --enable-clocale=gnu --enable-libstdcxx-debug --enable-libstdcxx-time=yes --with-default-libstdcxx-abi=new --enable-gnu-unique-object --disable-vtable-verify --enable-libmpx --enable-plugin --enable-default-pie --with-system-zlib --with-target-system-zlib=auto --enable-objc-gc=auto --enable-multiarch --disable-werror --with-arch-32=i686 --with-abi=m64 --with-multilib-list=m32,m64,mx32 --enable-multilib --with-tune=generic --enable-offload-targets=nvptx-none --without-cuda-driver --enable-checking=release --build=x86_64-linux-gnu --host=x86_64-linux-gnu --target=x86_64-linux-gnu
   Thread model: posix
   gcc version 8.4.0 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) 
   

1. 接下来是gcc打印的运行命令

   COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
   /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/cc1 -quiet -v -imultiarch x86_64-linux-gnu hello.c -quiet -dumpbase hello.c \
   	-mtune=generic -march=x86-64 -auxbase hello -version -fno-builtin -fasynchronous-unwind-tables -fstack-protector-strong \
   	-Wformat -Wformat-security -fstack-clash-protection -fcf-protection \
   	-o /tmp/ccRuue2w.s
   

2. cc1打印配置信息

   GNU C17 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) version 8.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
           compiled by GNU C version 8.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP
   
   GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
   

3. cc1打印头文件的搜寻路径

   ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/local/include/x86_64-linux-gnu"
   ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include-fixed"
   ignoring nonexistent directory "/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/include"
   #include "..." search starts here:
   #include <...> search starts here:
    /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/include
    /usr/local/include
    /usr/include/x86_64-linux-gnu
    /usr/include
   End of search list.
   

4. cc1打印的剩余信息

   GNU C17 (Ubuntu 8.4.0-3ubuntu2) version 8.4.0 (x86_64-linux-gnu)
           compiled by GNU C version 8.4.0, GMP version 6.2.0, MPFR version 4.0.2, MPC version 1.1.0, isl version isl-0.22.1-GMP
   
   GGC heuristics: --param ggc-min-expand=100 --param ggc-min-heapsize=131072
   Compiler executable checksum: 72ca2f61babeb977fcf7485cc9c3fa79
   

5. gcc运行汇编器as

   COLLECT_GCC_OPTIONS='-static' '-v' '-fno-builtin' '-mtune=generic' '-march=x86-64'
    as -v --64 -o /tmp/ccnY8nTv.o /tmp/ccRuue2w.s
   

6. as输出

   GNU assembler version 2.34 (x86_64-linux-gnu) using BFD version (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34
   

7. gcc运行链接器ld,这里是collect2，两者基本一致

   /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/collect2 -plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/liblto_plugin.so -plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper -plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccpfgOvv.res -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_eh -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc --build-id -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu --as-needed -static -z relro /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtbeginT.o -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib -L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../.. /tmp/ccnY8nTv.o --start-group -lgcc -lgcc_eh -lc --end-group /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtend.o /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o
   

8. collect2没有输出，添加-v重新运行，仅仅是运行了ld，没有什么额外内容。此处简单解析一下链接的相关.o文件。

   collect2 version 8.4.0
   /usr/bin/ld 
   	-plugin /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/liblto_plugin.so 
   	-plugin-opt=/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/lto-wrapper 
   	-plugin-opt=-fresolution=/tmp/ccpfgOvv.res 
   	-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc 
   	-plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lgcc_eh -plugin-opt=-pass-through=-lc 
   	--build-id -m elf_x86_64 --hash-style=gnu 
   	--as-needed -static -z relro 
   	/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o 
   	/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o 
   	/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtbeginT.o 
   	-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8 -L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu 
   	-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../../lib 
   	-L/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu 
   	-L/lib/../lib -L/usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu -L/usr/lib/../lib 
   	-L/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../.. 
   	/tmp/ccnY8nTv.o 
   	--start-group 
   	-lgcc -lgcc_eh -lc 
   	--end-group 
   	/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtend.o 
   	/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/../../../x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o 
   	-v
   GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Ubuntu) 2.34
   

   其中链接的.o文件的分类及其解释（https://dev.gentoo.org/~vapier/crt.txt有较为清楚的解释):
   glibc运行库（即linux下的CRT，C Runtime）

   • /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crt1.o，定义程序入口点（ELF文件下由ELF header文件头索引）的处理过程，完成程序的bootstrap工作，一般要求为链接的第一个目标。相关命名有crt.o、crt0.o版本相关。
   • /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crti.o，定义.init段的辅助工作，.init段引入程序的prologs，典型的有C++全局函数的构造。由于链接器直接连接程序各段的特性，该特殊代码必须放在链接的最开始部分，以保证其.init段被第一个连接。具体内容可参考「俞甲子，第11章运行库」。
   • /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/crtn.o，定义.finit段的辅助工作，相关的有全局的析构函数，atexit等，类似的，必须放在最后面链接。
   • glibc本身(-lc选项）

   GCC 初始化相关库

   • /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtbeginT.o：实现C++全局构造函数的地方，编译器相关，因此是GCC的库
   • /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-linux-gnu/8/crtend.o ：实现C++全局析构函数的地方
   • libgcc、libgcc_eh，gcc的相关运行时库，具体为了解

参考内容

• 俞甲子等《程序员的自我修养，链接、装载与库》