python global local nonlocla_the value is the same before and after calling mmd-CSDN博客

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What is the global keyword

In Python, global keyword allows you to modify the variable outside of the current scope. It is used to create a global variable and make changes to the variable in a local context.

Rules of global Keyword

The basic rules for global keyword in Python are:

When we create a variable inside a function, it is local by default.
When we define a variable outside of a function, it is global by default. You don’t have to use global keyword.
We use global keyword to read and write a global variable inside a function.
Use of global keyword outside a function has no effect.

Use Global

x = "global "

def foo():
    global x
    y = "local"
    x = x * 2
    print(x)
    print(y)

foo()

output

global global
local

Example 1: Accessing global Variable From Inside a Function

c = 1 # global variable

def add():
    print(c)

add()

output

1
This seems fine, however we may have some scenarios where we need to modify the global variable from inside a function.

Example 2: Modifying Global Variable From Inside the Function

c = 1 # global variable
    
def add():
    c = c + 2 # increment c by 2
    print(c)

add()

output error

UnboundLocalError: local variable ‘c’ referenced before assignment

This is because we can only access the global variable but cannot modify it from inside the function.

solution: use the ‘global’ keyword.

Example 3: Changing Global Variable From Inside a Function using global

c = 0 # global variable

def add():
    global c
    c = c + 2 # increment by 2
    print("Inside add():", c)

add()
print("In main:", c)

output:

Inside add(): 2
In main: 2

Global in Nested Functions

Example 5: Using a Global Variable in Nested Function

def foo():
    x = 20

    def bar():
        global x
        x = 25
    
    print("Before calling bar: ", x)
    print("Calling bar now")
    bar()
    print("After calling bar: ", x)

foo()
print("x in main: ", x)

output

Before calling bar: 20
Calling bar now
After calling bar: 20
x in main: 25

In the above program, we declared a global variable inside the nested function bar(). Inside foo() function, x has no effect of the global keyword.

Before and after calling bar(), the variable x takes the value of local variable i.e x = 20. Outside of the foo() function, the variable x will take value defined in the bar() function i.e x = 25. This is because we have used global keyword in x to create global variable inside the bar() function (local scope).

If we make any changes inside the bar() function, the changes appear outside the local scope, i.e. foo().

Example of Scope and Namespace in Python

def outer_function():
    b = 20
    def inner_func():
        c = 30

a = 10

Here, the variable a is in the global namespace. Variable b is in the local namespace of outer_function() and c is in the nested local namespace of inner_function().

When we are in inner_function(), c is local to us, b is nonlocal and a is global. We can read as well as assign new values to c but can only read b and a from inner_function().

If we try to assign as a value to b, a new variable b is created in the local namespace which is different than the nonlocal b. The same thing happens when we assign a value to a.

However, if we declare a as global, all the reference and assignment go to the global a. Similarly, if we want to rebind the variable b, it must be declared as nonlocal. The following example will further clarify this.

def outer_function():
    a = 20

    def inner_function():
        a = 30
        print('a =', a)

    inner_function()
    print('a =', a)


a = 10
outer_function()
print('a =', a)

output

a = 30
a = 20
a = 10

In this program, three different variables a are defined in separate namespaces and accessed accordingly. While in the following program,

def outer_function():
    global a
    a = 20

    def inner_function():
        global a
        a = 30
        print('a =', a)

    inner_function()
    print('a =', a)


a = 10
outer_function()
print('a =', a)

output

a = 30
a = 30
a = 30

Nonlocal Variables

Nonlocal variables are used in nested functions whose local scope is not defined. This means that the variable can be neither in the local nor the global scope.

Let’s see an example of how a nonlocal variable is used in Python.

We use nonlocal keywords to create nonlocal variables.

def outer():
    x = "local"

    def inner():
        nonlocal x
        x = "nonlocal"
        print("inner:", x)

    inner()
    print("outer:", x)


outer()

output

inner: nonlocal
outer: nonlocal

In the above code, there is a nested inner() function. We use nonlocal keywords to create a nonlocal variable. The inner() function is defined in the scope of another function outer().