C++ Primer 中文版（第 5 版）-第二单元

第二单元

练习 2.1

通过读下面程序，写出程序运行结果。

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    unsigned u = 10, u2 = 42;
    std::cout << u2 - u << std::endl;
    std::cout << u - u2 << std::endl;
    int i = 10, i2 = 42;
    std::cout << i2 - i << std::endl;
    std::cout << i - i2 << std::endl;
    std::cout << i - u << std::endl;
    std::cout << u - i << std::endl;
    return 0;
}

unsigned 表示无符号整数类型，当从无符号数中减去一个值时，不管这个值是不是无符号数，我们都必须确保结果不能是一个负值。
例如：unsigned u1 = 42，u2=10；
cout<< u1 - u2<< endl;//正确：输出32
cout<< u2 - u1<< endl;//正确：不过，结果是取模后的值
结果u2-u1 = （10-42）+2^32 = 4294967264

32
4294967264
32
-32
0
0
Program ended with exit code: 0

练习 2.2

请利用转义序列编写一段程序，要求先输出 2M，然后转到新一行。修改程序使其先输出 2，然后输出制表符，再输出 M，最后转到新一行。

#include <iostream>

int main()
{
    std::cout << 2 << "\115\012";
    std::cout << 2 << "\t\115\012";
    return 0;
}

练习 2.3

const int buf;      // 不合法, const 对象必须初始化
int cnt = 0;        // 合法
const int sz = cnt; // 合法
++cnt; ++sz;        // 不合法, const 对象不能被改变

int i = -1, &r = 0;         // 不合法, r 必须引用一个对象
int *const p2 = &i2;        // 合法，常量指针
const int i = -1, &r = 0;   // 合法
const int *const p3 = &i2;  // 合法
const int *p1 = &i2;        // 合法
const int &const r2;        // 不合法, r2 是引用, 引用自带顶层 const, 第二个const写法多余但合法, 但引用需要初始化.
const int i2 = i, &r = i;   // 合法

int i, *const cp;       // 不合法, const 指针必须初始化
int *p1, *const p2;     // 不合法, const 指针必须初始化
const int ic, &r = ic;  // 不合法, const int 必须初始化
const int *const p3;    // 不合法, const 指针必须初始化
const int *p;           // 合法. 一个指针，指向 const int

练习 2.4

使用你自己的Sale_data类重写1.5.1节（第20页）、1.5.2节（第21页）和1.6节（第22页）的练习。眼下先把Sales_data类的定义和main函数放在一个文件里。

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Sale_data
{
    std::string bookNo;
    unsigned units_sold = 0;
    double revenue = 0.0;
};

int main()
{
    Sale_data book;
    double price;
    std::cin >> book.bookNo >> book.units_sold >> price;
    book.revenue = book.units_sold * price;
    std::cout << book.bookNo << " " << book.units_sold << " " << book.revenue << " " << price<<std::endl;

    return 0;
}

// 1.5.2

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Sale_data
{
    std::string bookNo;
    unsigned units_sold = 0;
    double revenue = 0.0;
};

int main()
{
    Sale_data book1, book2;
    double price1, price2;
    std::cin >> book1.bookNo >> book1.units_sold >> price1;
    std::cin >> book2.bookNo >> book2.units_sold >> price2;
    book1.revenue = book1.units_sold * price1;
    book2.revenue = book2.units_sold * price2;

    if (book1.bookNo == book2.bookNo)
    {
        unsigned totalCnt = book1.units_sold + book2.units_sold;
        double totalRevenue = book1.revenue + book2.revenue;
        std::cout << book1.bookNo << " " << totalCnt << " " << totalRevenue << " ";
        if (totalCnt != 0)
            std::cout << totalRevenue / totalCnt << std::endl;
        else
            std::cout << "(no sales)" << std::endl;
        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        std::cerr << "Data must refer to same ISBN" << std::endl;
        return -1;  // indicate failure
    }
}

// 1.6

#include <iostream>
#include <string>

struct Sale_data
{
    std::string bookNo;
    unsigned units_sold = 0;
    double revenue = 0.0;
};

int main()
{
    Sale_data total;
    double totalPrice;
    if (std::cin >> total.bookNo >> total.units_sold >> totalPrice)
    {
        total.revenue = total.units_sold * totalPrice;

        Sale_data trans;
        double transPrice;
        while (std::cin >> trans.bookNo >> trans.units_sold >> transPrice)
        {
            trans.revenue = trans.units_sold * transPrice;

            if (total.bookNo == trans.bookNo)
            {
                total.units_sold += trans.units_sold;
                total.revenue += trans.revenue;
            }
            else
            {
                std::cout << total.bookNo << " " << total.units_sold << " " << total.revenue << " ";
                if (total.units_sold != 0)
                    std::cout << total.revenue / total.units_sold << std::endl;
                else
                    std::cout << "(no sales)" << std::endl;

                total.bookNo = trans.bookNo;
                total.units_sold = trans.units_sold;
                total.revenue = trans.revenue;
            }
        }

        std::cout << total.bookNo << " " << total.units_sold << " " << total.revenue << " ";
        if (total.units_sold != 0)
            std::cout << total.revenue / total.units_sold << std::endl;
        else
            std::cout << "(no sales)" << std::endl;

        return 0;
    }
    else
    {
        std::cerr << "No data?!" << std::endl;
        return -1;  // indicate failure
    }
}

练习 2.5