Spring MVC
SpringMVC页面跳转
请求转发
简单方式
@RequestMapping("/quick")
public String quick(){
return "success" ;
}
该方法直接返回一个字符串，其底层用的就是请求转发
这种写法会走配置文件中的视图解析器，但是有一个问题，如果我们跳转到配置的路径以外的页面，就会有问题，访问不到。这个时候我们就需要用到第二种forward方式 了！
forward关键字
forward关键字的底层是：request.getRequestDispatcher("/跳转路径").forward(req,resp);
使用forward关键字，不在经过试图解析器进行拼接字符串
编写index.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="/forward/forward01">基本的请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/forward/forward02">请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/redirect">重定向</a><br>
<a href="/modelAndView">modelAndView存储数据</a><br>
<a href="/model">model存储数据</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@Controller
@RequestMapping("/forward")
public class ForwardController {
/**
* 最简单的转发方式
* @return
*/
@RequestMapping("/forward01")
public String forward01(){
return "success";
}
@RequestMapping("/forward02")
public String forward02(){
// return "forward:/list.jsp";
return "list";
}
}
在根目录下编写list.jsp文件
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>list页面</h3>
${name}
</body>
</html>
servlet原生API
原生API就是用原来的HttpServletRequest和HttpServletResponse来完成页面跳转，这种方式实际开发中不用，大家了解一下即可！
编写index.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/servletApi">原生API</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("/servletApi")
public void servletApi(HttpServletRequest request,
HttpServletResponse response,
HttpSession session) throws Exception {
request.getRequestDispatcher("/list.jsp").forward(request,response);
}
重定向
redirect关键字
此关键字的底层：response.sendRedirect(“web项目地址+重定向地址”);
而且还在此技术上进行了优化，我们不需要再去编写web项目地址，直接编写重定向地址
编写index.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="/forward/forward01">基本的请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/forward/forward02">请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/redirect">重定向</a><br>
<a href="/modelAndView">modelAndView存储数据</a><br>
<a href="/model">model存储数据</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("/redirect")
public String redirect() {
return "redirect:/list.jsp";
}
servlet原生API
编写index.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/sendRedirect">原生API重定向</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("/sendRedirect")
public void sendRedirect(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, HttpSession session) throws Exception {
response.sendRedirect(request.getContextPath()+"/list.jsp");
}
SrpingMVC存储数据
原生ServletAPI
编写index.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/requestAPI">原生request存储数据</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("/requestAPI")
public void requestAPI(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, HttpSession session) throws Exception {
request.setAttribute("name", "小泽");
request.getRequestDispatcher("/list.jsp").forward(request, response);
}
编写list.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
list页面
${name}
</body>
</html>
ModelAndView存数数据
使用ModelAndView类用来存储处理完后的结果数据，以及显示该数据的视图
其常用方法有
ModelAndView addObject(String attributeName,Object attributeValue)
添加模型数据，相当于key-value的形式
void setViewName(String viewName) 设置视图，要跳转的页面
使用步骤
编写index.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="/forward/forward01">基本的请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/forward/forward02">请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/redirect">重定向</a><br>
<a href="/modelAndView">modelAndView存储数据</a><br>
<a href="/model">model存储数据</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("modelAndView")
public ModelAndView modelAndView(ModelAndView modelAndView){
//设置数据
modelAndView.addObject("name", "小玛");
//设置视图
modelAndView.setViewName("list");
return modelAndView;
}
编写list.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>list页面</h3>
${name}
</body>
</html>
ModelAndView会走配置文件中的视图解析器,要跳转的页面必须是在配置的视图的路径下面,否则404找不到页面!
Model存储数据
使用ModelAndView进行数据的的存储和页面的跳转比较麻烦.SpringMVC单独抽取一个类Model.来进行存值.Model只能存值,不能进行视图的跳转.
常用方法
model.addAttribute(String name,Object o)设置数据key-value形式
使用步骤
编写index.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="/forward/forward01">基本的请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/forward/forward02">请求转发</a><br>
<a href="/redirect">重定向</a><br>
<a href="/modelAndView">modelAndView存储数据</a><br>
<a href="/model">model存储数据</a>
</body>
</html>
编写controller
@RequestMapping("/model")
public String model(Model model){
model.addAttribute("name","小明");
return "list";
}
编写list.jsp页面
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
list页面
${name}
</body>
</html>
SpringMVC异步交互
我们学习完SpringMVC之后，就不用像之前那么麻烦了，还要创建ObjectMapper对象来转换成josn数据进行响应。
SpringMVC已经帮我们做这些事情了。SpringMVC提供了两个注解@RequestBody和@ResponseBody实现josn数据的转换
SpringMVC默认用MappingJackson2HttpMessageConverter对json数据进行转换，需要加入jackson的包
<!--jsckson -->
<dependency>
<groupId>com.fasterxml.jackson.core</groupId>
<artifactId>jackson-databind</artifactId>
<version>2.9.9</version>
</dependency>
@RequestBody
用于接收前端请求体中的json数据，使用@RequestBody注解就可以自动的封装指定的对象中
行动起来
编写前端代码
使用Ajax发送请求，需要先导入jquery.js
Ajax提交的数据必须是一个标准的json字符串
Ajax提交的方式必须为post，数据必须在请求体中
Ajax提交的MIME类型必须为：application/json;charset=utf-8
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>异步交互</title>
<script src="/js/jquery-3.3.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<button id="ajaxBtn">发送Ajax请求</button>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$('#ajaxBtn').click(function () {
$.ajax({
//url: '${pageContext.request.contextPath}/ajaxRequest',
url:'/mvcAjaxRequest',
type: 'POST',
data: '{"username":"张三","age":18}',
contentType:'application/json;charset=utf-8',
success: function (resp) {
}
});
})
}
);
</script>
</body>
设置配置
- web.xml配置
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.jpg</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.js</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>default</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.css</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
- spring-mvc.xml配置
<!--
静态资源手动映射
mapping="/img/**" 浏览器发送请求
location="/img/" 静态资源的路径
-->
<mvc:resources mapping="/img/**" location="/img/" />
<mvc:resources mapping="/js/**" location="/js/" />
<mvc:resources mapping="/css/**" location="/css/"/>
- spring-nvc.xml简化配置
<!--配置tomcat默认的静态资源处理-->
<mvc:default-servlet-handler/>
编写实体类
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@Data
public class User {
private String username;
private Integer age;
}
编写controller
/**
* 通过ObjectMapper转换为json数据
* @param json
* @throws IOException
*/
@RequestMapping("/ajaxRequest")
public void ajaxRequest(@RequestBody String json) throws IOException {
ObjectMapper mapper = new ObjectMapper();
User user = mapper.readValue(json,User.class);
System.out.println(user);
}
/**
* mvc自动转换
* @param user
*/
@RequestMapping("/mvcAjaxRequest")
public void mvcAjaxRequest(@RequestBody User user){
System.out.println(user);
}
@RequestBody
用于将controller方法返回的对象通过转换器转换为指定的格式(通常为json)之后，写入到response对象的响应体中。
行动起来
导入jq文件
<script src="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/js/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script>
编写ajax代码
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>异步交互</title>
<script src="/js/jquery-3.3.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
</head>
<body>
<button id="ajaxBtn">发送Ajax请求</button>
<script type="text/javascript">
$(function () {
$('#ajaxBtn').click(function () {
$.ajax({
url:'/mvcAjaxResponse',
type: 'POST',
data: '',
contentType:'application/json;charset=utf-8',
success: function (resp) {
alert(resp.username);
alert(resp.age);
}
});
})
}
);
</script>
</body>
编写controller
/**
* mvc自动转换
* @ResponseBody将对象转为json，再通过response设置到响应体中，返回客户端
*/
@RequestMapping("/mvcAjaxResponse")
@ResponseBody
public User mvcAjaxResponse(){
User us = new User("赵六", 20);
return us;
}
@RequestBody:将请求体中的json字符串，转为指定类型的java对象
@ResponseBody：将java对象转为json字符串，再设置到响应体中，返回到浏览器（客户端）
RESTfull
REST(英文：Representational State Transfer，简称REST，意思：表述性状态转换，描述了一个架构样式的网络系统，比如web应用)。
Restfull就是一个资源定位及资源操作的风格。不是标准也不是协议，只是一种风格。基于这个风格设计的软件可以更简洁，更有层次，更易于实现缓存等机制。
应用场景：前后端分离开发的架构中
RESTfull与传统URL对比
传统URL
| 前端 | 后台 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| http://localhost:8080/user/findAllUsers | @RequestMapping(/user/findAllUsers) public List findAllUsers() | 查询所有用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/addUser | @RequestMapping(/user/addUser) public void addUser(User user) | 添加用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/updateUser | @RequestMapping(/user/updateUser) public void updateUser(User user) | 修改用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/deleteUserById?id=1 | @RequestMapping(/user/deleteUserById) public User deleteUserById(int id) | 删除用户 |
RESTfull风格
Restfull风格的请求是使用==“url+请求方式”（名饲+动词）==表示一次请求目的的，HTTP 协议里面四个表示操作方式的动词如下：
| 请求方式 | 描述 |
|---|---|
| GET | 用于获取资源 |
| POST | 用于新建资源 |
| PUT | 用于更新资源 |
| DELETE | 用于删除资源 |
| 前端 | 后台 | 描述 |
|---|---|---|
| http://localhost:8080/user/ | @RequestMapping(/user,method=GET) public List findAllUsers() | GET查询所有用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/ | @RequestMapping(/user,method=POST) public void addUser(User user) | POST添加用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/1 | @RequestMapping(/user/{id},method=PUT) public void updateUser(@PathVariable int id) | PUT修改id为1用户 |
| http://localhost:8080/user/1 | @RequestMapping(/user/{id},method=DELETE) public User deleteUserById(@PathVariable int id) | DELETE删除id为1的用户 |
上述url地址/user/1中的1就是要获得的请求参数，在SpringMVC中可以使用占位符进行参数绑定。RequestMapping中/user/1可以写成/user/{id}，占位符{id}对应的就是1的值。在业务方法中我们可以使用@PathVariable注解进行占位符的匹配获取工作。
RESTfull的使用
定义controller
@Controller
@ResponseBody
public class RestfullController {
/**
* 查询所有用户
* @return
*/
//@RequestMapping(value = "/findAll",method = RequestMethod.GET)
//注解形式
@GetMapping("/findAll")
public String findAll(){
return "findAll";
}
/**
* 根据id查询用户
* @return
*/
//@RequestMapping(value = "/findById/{id}",method = RequestMethod.GET)
@GetMapping("/findById/{id}")
public String findById(@PathVariable Integer id){
return "findById"+id;
}
/**
* 添加用户
* @return
*/
//@RequestMapping(value = "/addUser",method = RequestMethod.POST)
@PostMapping("/addUser")
public String addUser(){
return "adduser";
}
/**
* 根据id修改用户信息
* @param id
* @return
*/
//@RequestMapping(value = "/updateUserById/{id}",method = RequestMethod.PUT)
@PutMapping("/updateUserById/{id}")
public String updateUserById(@PathVariable Integer id){
return "updateUserById"+id;
}
/**
* 根据用户id删除用户信息
* @param id
* @return
*/
//@RequestMapping(value = "/deleteUserById/{id}",method = RequestMethod.DELETE)
@DeleteMapping("/deleteUserById/{id}")
public String deleteUserById(@PathVariable Integer id){
return "deleteUserById"+id;
}
}
SpringMVC拦截器
SpringMVC的处理器拦截器类似于Servlet开发中的过滤器Filter,用于对处理器进行预处理和后处理。开发者可以自己定义一些拦截器来实现特定的功能。
拦截器与过滤器的区别
过滤器
servlet规范中的一部分，任何java web工程都可以使用
在url-pattern中配置了/*之后，可以对所有要访问的资源进行拦截
拦截器
拦截器是AOP思想的具体应用。
拦截器是SpringMVC框架自己的，只有使用了SpringMVC框架的工程才能使用
拦截器只会拦截访问的控制器方法， 如果访问的是jsp/html/css/image/js是不会进行拦截的
拦截器的使用
编写目标资源
@Controller
public class TargetController {
@RequestMapping("/target")
public String targetResource(){
System.out.println("执行了目标资源");
return "success";
}
}
自定义拦截器
自定义拦截器，springmvc提供了HandlerInterceptor接口，需要重写preHandle，postHandle,afterCompletion三个方法
public class MyInterceptor implements HandlerInterceptor {
/**
* Intercept the execution of a handler. Called after HandlerMapping determined
* an appropriate handler object, but before HandlerAdapter invokes the handler.
* <p>DispatcherServlet processes a handler in an execution chain, consisting
* of any number of interceptors, with the handler itself at the end.
* With this method, each interceptor can decide to abort the execution chain,
* typically sending a HTTP error or writing a custom response.
* <p><strong>Note:</strong> special considerations apply for asynchronous
* request processing. For more details see
* {@link AsyncHandlerInterceptor}.
* <p>The default implementation returns {@code true}.
*
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @param handler chosen handler to execute, for type and/or instance evaluation
* @return {@code true} if the execution chain should proceed with the
* next interceptor or the handler itself. Else, DispatcherServlet assumes
* that this interceptor has already dealt with the response itself.
* @throws Exception in case of errors
*/
@Override
public boolean preHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler) throws Exception {
System.out.println("preHandle执行了");
//放行 true表示放行 false表示拦截
return true;
}
/**
* Intercept the execution of a handler. Called after HandlerAdapter actually
* invoked the handler, but before the DispatcherServlet renders the view.
* Can expose additional model objects to the view via the given ModelAndView.
* <p>DispatcherServlet processes a handler in an execution chain, consisting
* of any number of interceptors, with the handler itself at the end.
* With this method, each interceptor can post-process an execution,
* getting applied in inverse order of the execution chain.
* <p><strong>Note:</strong> special considerations apply for asynchronous
* request processing. For more details see
* {@link AsyncHandlerInterceptor}.
* <p>The default implementation is empty.
*
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @param handler handler (or {@link HandlerMethod}) that started asynchronous
* execution, for type and/or instance examination
* @param modelAndView the {@code ModelAndView} that the handler returned
* (can also be {@code null})
* @throws Exception in case of errors
*/
@Override
public void postHandle(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, ModelAndView modelAndView) throws Exception {
//目标方法执行之后，进行增强
System.out.println("postHandler方法执行了");
}
/**
* Callback after completion of request processing, that is, after rendering
* the view. Will be called on any outcome of handler execution, thus allows
* for proper resource cleanup.
* <p>Note: Will only be called if this interceptor's {@code preHandle}
* method has successfully completed and returned {@code true}!
* <p>As with the {@code postHandle} method, the method will be invoked on each
* interceptor in the chain in reverse order, so the first interceptor will be
* the last to be invoked.
* <p><strong>Note:</strong> special considerations apply for asynchronous
* request processing. For more details see
* {@link AsyncHandlerInterceptor}.
* <p>The default implementation is empty.
*
* @param request current HTTP request
* @param response current HTTP response
* @param handler handler (or {@link HandlerMethod}) that started asynchronous
* execution, for type and/or instance examination
* @param ex exception thrown on handler execution, if any
* @throws Exception in case of errors
*/
@Override
public void afterCompletion(HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response, Object handler, Exception ex) throws Exception {
System.out.println("afterCompletion方法执行了");
}
}
配置拦截器
<!--配置拦截器-->
<mvc:interceptors>
<mvc:interceptor>
<!--/** 包括路径及其子路径-->
<!--/admin/* 拦截的是/admin/add等等这种 , /admin/add/user不会被拦截-->
<!--/admin/** 拦截的是/admin/下的所有-->
<mvc:mapping path="/target"/>
<!--bean配置的就是拦截器-->
<bean class="com.lifly.interceptor.MyInterceptor"></bean>
</mvc:interceptor>
<mvc:interceptor>
<mvc:mapping path="/target"/>
<bean class="com.lifly.interceptor.MyInterceptor01"></bean>
</mvc:interceptor>
</mvc:interceptors>
文件删除与下载
文件上传
文件上传是项目开发中最常见的功能之一 ,springMVC 可以很好的支持文件上传，但是SpringMVC上下文中默认没有装配MultipartResolver，因此默认情况下其不能处理文件上传工作。如果想使用Spring的文件上传功能，则需要在上下文中配置MultipartResolver。
文件上传三要素
表达的提交方式method=“POST”
表单的enctype属性是多部分表单形式enctype=“multipart/form-data”
行动起来
前端页面编写
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>文件上传</title>
</head>
<body>
<form action="/upload" enctype="multipart/form-data" method="post">
用户:<input type="text" name="username"><br>
请选择要上传的文件:<input type="file" name="file"/><br>
<input type="submit" value="upload">
</form>
</body>
</html>
文件上传组件配置
<!--配置文件上传组件-->
<bean id="multipartResolver" class="org.springframework.web.multipart.commons.CommonsMultipartResolver">
<!--设置字符编码-->
<property name="defaultEncoding" value="UTF-8"/>
<!--设置上传文件大小-->
<property name="maxUploadSize" value="10485760"/>
</bean>
后端代码编写
@Controller
public class UploadController {
@RequestMapping("/upload")
public void upload(String username, @RequestParam("file") MultipartFile multipartFile, HttpServletRequest request) throws IOException {
//获取文件的名称
String fileName = multipartFile.getOriginalFilename();
//获取真实路径
String realPath = request.getServletContext().getRealPath("/upload");
//将path封装为File对象
File file = new File(realPath);
//判断文件是否存在，不存在则创建
if (!file.exists()){
file.mkdirs();
}
multipartFile.transferTo(new File(file,fileName));
System.out.println(realPath);
System.out.println("file upload success");
}
}
上传文件查找
文件下载
资源准备
前端代码编写
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>文件下载</title>
</head>
<body>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/download/?fileName=美女.jpg">美女图一</a>
<a href="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/download/?fileName=5.gif">会动的美女</a>
</body>
</html>
后端代码编写
@Controller
public class DownLoadController {
@RequestMapping("/download")
public void download(String fileName, HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws IOException {
//获取服务器文件的真实路径
String realPath = request.getServletContext().getRealPath("/download");
//设置响应头
response.setHeader("Content-Disposition",
"attachment;fileName="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName, "UTF-8"));
File file = new File(realPath, fileName);
//读取文件--输入流
InputStream input = new FileInputStream(file);
//写出文件--输出流
ServletOutputStream os = response.getOutputStream();
byte[] bytes = new byte[1024];
int index = 0;
//执行写出操作
while ((index=input.read(bytes)) != -1){
os.write(bytes,0,index);
os.flush();
}
os.close();
input.close();
}
}
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