Ubuntu Server 18.04 搭建和使用记录
记录自己搭建Ubuntu18.04 Server的全部过程,有不足之处请见谅!!!
1、前置工作
本文做出以下假设:
- 您已熟悉Linux操作系统
- 您拥有(或能够独立创建)一台Ubuntu Server
本文采用Vmware 虚拟机创建Ubuntu 18.04 Server
- 镜像获取:Ubuntu 18.04.5 LTS (Bionic Beaver)
- Vmware:VMware15.5
- SecureCRT:SecureCRT
搭建Ubuntu18.04 Server 教程:VMware 安装 Ubuntu Server 18.04.5 LTS
2、Server准备工作
-
设置root密码:
sudo passwd root
-
更改镜像源:
-
备份源配置文件:
sudo cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
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在源配置文件前添加阿里云镜像源配置 :
sudo vim /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
-
执行更新命令 :
sudo apt-get clean
、sudo apt-get update
-
-
查看Java、Python、MySql、Tomcat、nginx、SqlServer环境
- Java:
java -version
- Python:
python 或 python3
- MySql:
mysql -version
- Tomcat:{待补充}
- nginx:{待补充}
- SqlServer:{待补充}
- Java:
2.0 安装文件上传工具
安装命令:apt-get install lrzsz -y
使用命令:rz # 上传
2.1 安装Mysql环境
-
安装Mysql:
apt-get install mysql-server apt-get install mysql-client
-
检测安装是否成功:
mysql
-
修改bind-address(允许远程主机访问):
vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
[mysqld_safe] socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock nice = 0 [mysqld] # # * Basic Settings # user = mysql pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock port = 3306 basedir = /usr datadir = /var/lib/mysql tmpdir = /tmp lc-messages-dir = /usr/share/mysql skip-external-locking # # Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on # localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure. # bind-address = 127.0.0.1 # 注释掉绑定的ip地址
mysql -u root -p123456 默认安装的话密码是任何字符都可以,也就是没有密码。
-
修改默认编码格式:
vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
- 更改前编码:
mysql> STATUS -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.31, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 6 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Not in use Current pager: stdout Using outfile: '' Using delimiter: ; Server version: 5.7.31-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 (Ubuntu) Protocol version: 10 Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket Server characterset: latin1 # Db characterset: latin1 # 默认编码,需要修改为utf-8 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock Uptime: 26 min 3 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 15 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 105 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 98 Queries per second avg: 0.009 -------------- mysql>
- 更改:
root@ubuntu:vim /etc/mysql/mysql.conf.d/mysqld.cnf
[mysqld] # # * Basic Settings # user = mysql pid-file = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.pid socket = /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock port = 3306 basedir = /usr datadir = /var/lib/mysql tmpdir = /tmp lc-messages-dir = /usr/share/mysql skip-external-locking character-set-server=utf8 # 添加该句 # # Instead of skip-networking the default is now to listen only on # localhost which is more compatible and is not less secure. # bind-address = 127.0.0.1
- 重启服务,更改后编码:
mysql> STATUS -------------- mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.31, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper Connection id: 2 Current database: Current user: root@localhost SSL: Not in use Current pager: stdout Using outfile: '' Using delimiter: ; Server version: 5.7.31-0ubuntu0.18.04.1 (Ubuntu) Protocol version: 10 Connection: Localhost via UNIX socket Server characterset: utf8 Db characterset: utf8 Client characterset: utf8 Conn. characterset: utf8 UNIX socket: /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock Uptime: 5 sec Threads: 1 Questions: 5 Slow queries: 0 Opens: 105 Flush tables: 1 Open tables: 98 Queries per second avg: 1.000 -------------- mysql>
-
授权远程登录:
mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456' WITH GRANT OPTION; Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
-
进行远程连接: 使用Navicat进行连接,如果不能连接;请百度开放Ubuntu的3306端口。
-
修改MySql用户密码:{待补充}
2.2 安装Java环境
- 下载JDK
https://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/index.html
-
安装JDK
#上传jdk到/export/software路径下去,井解压 tar -zxvf jdk-8u161-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /export/servers/ mv jdk1.8.0_161 jdk
-
配置JDK环境变量
vi /etc/profile 添加以下内容: export JAVA_HOME=/export/servers/jdk export PATH=$PATH:$JAVA_HOME/bin export CLASSPATH=.:$JAVA_HOME/lib/dt.jar:$JAVA_HOME/lib/tools.jar 修改完成之后记得source /etc/profle生效 source /etc/profile
-
JDK环境验证
java -version
2.3 配置python环境
-
检测python3、pip3:
python3
、pip3 install numpy
-
安装python3、pip3:
apt-get install python3
、apt-get install python3-pip
-
安装conda环境:官网
-
选择合适的Anaconda版本地址:https://repo.anaconda.com/archive/Anaconda3-2020.07-Linux-x86_64.sh
-
下载安装包:
cd /export/software/ wget https://repo.continuum.io/archive/Anaconda3-4.4.0-Linux-x86_64.sh bash Anaconda3-4.4.0-Linux-x86_64.sh
一路回车;
-
修改环境变量:
vi ~/.bashrc
在bashrc文件的最后添加:export PATH="/home/用户名/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"。(vi编辑器中按i进入编辑模式)
如:
export PATH="/root/anaconda3/bin:$PATH"
-
更新
.bashrc
使得环境变量生效:source ~/.bashrc
-
-
环境管理:
-
conda常用命令
- 查看当前系统下的环境
conda info -e
- 创建新的环境
# 指定python版本为2.7,注意至少需要指定python版本或者要安装的包# 后一种情况下,自动安装最新python版本 conda create -n env_name python=2.7 # 同时安装必要的包 conda create -n env_name numpy matplotlib python=2.7
- 环境切换
# 切换到新环境# linux/Mac下需要使用source activate env_name activate env_name #退出环境,也可以使用`activate root`切回root环境 deactivate env_name
- 移除环境
conda remove -n env_name --all
- 给某个特定环境安装package
conda install -n env_name pandas
- 查看已经安装的package
conda list # 指定查看某环境下安装的package conda list -n env_name
- 查找包
conda search pyqtgraph
- 更新包
conda update numpy conda update anaconda
- 卸载包
conda remove numpy
-
-
2.4 Tomcat :官网
-
下载Tomcat 9.0.38:
wget https://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache/tomcat/tomcat-9/v9.0.38/bin/apache-tomcat-9.0.38.tar.gz
-
解压到指定目录:
tar -zxvf apache-tomcat-9.0.38.tar.gz -C /export/servers/
-
重命名文件名:
mv apache-tomcat-9.0.38/ tomcat9
-
更改启动脚本
startup.sh
:#set java environment export JAVA_HOME=/export/servers/jdk export JRE_HOME=${JAVA_HOME}/jre export CLASSPATH=.:%{JAVA_HOME}/lib:%{JRE_HOME}/lib export PATH=${JAVA_HOME}/bin:$PATH #tomcat export TOMCAT_HOME=/export/servers/tomcat9
-
启动Tomcat:
./startup.sh
3、Linux系统目录结构
目录 | 说明 |
---|---|
/ | 虚拟目录的根目录,通常不会在这里存储文件 |
/bin | 二进制目录,存放用户级的GNU工具 |
/boot | 启动目录,存放启动文件 |
/dev | 设备目录,系统在这里创建设备节点 |
/etc | 系统配置文件目录 |
/home | 主目录,系统在这里创建用户目录 |
/lib | 库目录,存放系统和应用程序的库文件 |
/media | 媒体目录,可移动媒体设备的常用挂载点 |
/mnt | 挂载目录,另一个可移动媒体设备的常用挂载点 |
/opt | 可选目录,常用于存放第三方软件包和数据文件 |
/proc | 进程目录,存放现有硬件及当前进程的相关信息 |
/root | root用户的主目录 |
/sbin | 系统二进制目录,存放许多gnu管理员级工具 |
/run | 运行目录,存放系统运作时的运行时数据 |
/srv | 服务目录,存放本地服务的相关文件 |
/sys | 系统目录,存放系统硬件信息的相关文件 |
/tmp | 临时目录,可以在该目录中创建删除临时工作文件 |
/usr | 用户二进制目录,大量用户级的gnu工具和数据文件存储 |
/var | 可变目录,用以存放经常变化的文件,比如日志文件 |
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个人目录
mkdir -p /export/data # 存放一些数据文件 mkdir -p /export/software # 存放安装包 mkdir -p /export/servers # 软件安装目录:jdk、tomcat等 cd /home/username/ # 进入用户个人空间