python爬虫之BeautifulSoup详解

BeautifulSoup

解析器使用方法优势劣势
Python标准库BeautifulSoup(markup, "html.parser")Python的内置标准库、执行速度适中 、文档容错能力强Python 2.7.3 or 3.2.2)前的版本中文容错能力差
lxml HTML 解析器BeautifulSoup(markup, "lxml")速度快、文档容错能力强需要安装C语言库
lxml XML 解析器BeautifulSoup(markup, "xml")速度快、唯一支持XML的解析器需要安装C语言库
html5libBeautifulSoup(markup, "html5lib")最好的容错性、以浏览器的方式解析文档、生成HTML5格式的文档速度慢、不依赖外部扩展
 

基本使用

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.prettify())
print(soup.title.string)

输出:
<html>
 <head>
  <title>
   The Dormouse's story
  </title>
 </head>
 <body>
  <p class="title" name="dromouse">
   <b>
    The Dormouse's story
   </b>
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
    <!-- Elsie -->
   </a>
   ,
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">
    Lacie
   </a>
   and
   <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">
    Tillie
   </a>
   ;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
  </p>
  <p class="story">
   ...
  </p>
 </body>
</html>
The Dormouse's story

标签选择器

 

选择元素

html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.title)
print(type(soup.title))
print(soup.head)
print(soup.p)
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>

获取名称

 
3
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.title.name)
title
 

获取属性

 
4
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.attrs['name'])
print(soup.p['name'])
dromouse
dromouse
 

获取内容

 
5
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p clss="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.string)
The Dormouse's story
 

嵌套选择

 
6
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.head.title.string)
The Dormouse's story
 

子节点和子孙节点

 
7
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.contents)
['\n            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n            ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>, '\n', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, ' \n            and\n            ', <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>, '\n            and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n        ']
 
8
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.children)
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.children):
    print(i, child)
<list_iterator object at 0x1064f7dd8>
0 
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            
1 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
2 

3 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
4  
            and
            
5 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
6 
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        
 
9
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.p.descendants)
for i, child in enumerate(soup.p.descendants):
    print(i, child)
<generator object descendants at 0x10650e678>
0 
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            
1 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
2 

3 <span>Elsie</span>
4 Elsie
5 

6 

7 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
8 Lacie
9  
            and
            
10 <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
11 Tillie
12 
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        
 

父节点和祖先节点

 
10
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.a.parent)
<p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
 
11
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(list(enumerate(soup.a.parents)))
[(0, <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>), (1, <body>
<p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>), (2, <html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body></html>), (3, <html>
<head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
</head>
<body>
<p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">
<span>Elsie</span>
</a>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body></html>)]
 

兄弟节点

 
12
html = """
<html>
    <head>
        <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
    </head>
    <body>
        <p class="story">
            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
            <a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1">
                <span>Elsie</span>
            </a>
            <a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> 
            and
            <a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>
            and they lived at the bottom of a well.
        </p>
        <p class="story">...</p>
"""
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(list(enumerate(soup.a.next_siblings)))
print(list(enumerate(soup.a.previous_siblings)))
[(0, '\n'), (1, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>), (2, ' \n            and\n            '), (3, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>), (4, '\n            and they lived at the bottom of a well.\n        ')]
[(0, '\n            Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were\n            ')]
 

标准选择器

 

find_all( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs )

 

可根据标签名、属性、内容查找文档

 

name

 
13
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all('ul'))
print(type(soup.find_all('ul')[0]))
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>, <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
</ul>]
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
 
14
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for ul in soup.find_all('ul'):
    print(ul.find_all('li'))
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
 

attrs

 
15
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(attrs={'id': 'list-1'}))
print(soup.find_all(attrs={'name': 'elements'}))
[<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
[<ul class="list" id="list-1" name="elements">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
 
16
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(id='list-1'))
print(soup.find_all(class_='element'))
[<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
 

text

 
17
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find_all(text='Foo'))
['Foo', 'Foo']
 

find( name , attrs , recursive , text , **kwargs )

 

find返回单个元素,find_all返回所有元素

 
18
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.find('ul'))
print(type(soup.find('ul')))
print(soup.find('page'))
<ul class="list" id="list-1">
<li class="element">Foo</li>
<li class="element">Bar</li>
<li class="element">Jay</li>
</ul>
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
None
 

find_parents() find_parent()

 

find_parents()返回所有祖先节点,find_parent()返回直接父节点。

 

find_next_siblings() find_next_sibling()

 

find_next_siblings()返回后面所有兄弟节点,find_next_sibling()返回后面第一个兄弟节点。

 

find_previous_siblings() find_previous_sibling()

 

find_previous_siblings()返回前面所有兄弟节点,find_previous_sibling()返回前面第一个兄弟节点。

 

find_all_next() find_next()

 

find_all_next()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_next()返回第一个符合条件的节点

 

find_all_previous() 和 find_previous()

 

find_all_previous()返回节点后所有符合条件的节点, find_previous()返回第一个符合条件的节点

 

CSS选择器

 

通过select()直接传入CSS选择器即可完成选择

 
19
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print(soup.select('.panel .panel-heading'))
print(soup.select('ul li'))
print(soup.select('#list-2 .element'))
print(type(soup.select('ul')[0]))
[<div class="panel-heading">
<h4>Hello</h4>
</div>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>, <li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
<class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
 
20
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for ul in soup.select('ul'):
    print(ul.select('li'))
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>, <li class="element">Jay</li>]
[<li class="element">Foo</li>, <li class="element">Bar</li>]
 

获取属性

 
21
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for ul in soup.select('ul'):
    print(ul['id'])
    print(ul.attrs['id'])
list-1
list-1
list-2
list-2
 

获取内容

 
23
html='''
<div class="panel">
    <div class="panel-heading">
        <h4>Hello</h4>
    </div>
    <div class="panel-body">
        <ul class="list" id="list-1">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
            <li class="element">Jay</li>
        </ul>
        <ul class="list list-small" id="list-2">
            <li class="element">Foo</li>
            <li class="element">Bar</li>
        </ul>
    </div>
</div>
'''
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
for li in soup.select('li'):
    print(li.get_text())
Foo
Bar
Jay
Foo
Bar
 

总结

 
  • 推荐使用lxml解析库,必要时使用html.parser
  • 标签选择筛选功能弱但是速度快
  • 建议使用find()、find_all() 查询匹配单个结果或者多个结果
  • 如果对CSS选择器熟悉建议使用select()
  • 记住常用的获取属性和文本值的方法

 

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