标签默认样式及清除

 标签默认样式

  一些HTML标签在浏览器中会有默认样式，例如：body标签会有margin:8px；ul标签会有margin:16px 0;及padding-left:40px。

  当我们在切图软件中进行尺寸或位置测量的时候，把测量出来的数值设置到对应的标签上时，可能会受到当前标签默认样式的影响，从而页面显示效果跟设计图效果不符。

清除默认样式

  通常在网页开发中，要去掉这些影响尺寸和位置的默认样式及其他影响布局的默认值。可以参考CSS Tools: Reset CSS方案。

html, body, div, span, applet, object, iframe,
h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, p, blockquote, pre,
a, abbr, acronym, address, big, cite, code,
del, dfn, em, img, ins, kbd, q, s, samp,
small, strike, strong, sub, sup, tt, var,
b, u, i, center,
dl, dt, dd, ol, ul, li,
fieldset, form, label, legend,
table, caption, tbody, tfoot, thead, tr, th, td,
article, aside, canvas, details, embed, 
figure, figcaption, footer, header, hgroup, 
menu, nav, output, ruby, section, summary,
time, mark, audio, video {
	margin: 0;
	padding: 0;
	border: 0;
	font-size: 100%;
	font: inherit;
	vertical-align: baseline;
}
/* HTML5 display-role reset for older browsers */
article, aside, details, figcaption, figure, 
footer, header, hgroup, menu, nav, section {
	display: block;
}
body {
	line-height: 1;
}
ol, ul {
	list-style: none;
}
blockquote, q {
	quotes: none;
}
blockquote:before, blockquote:after,
q:before, q:after {
	content: '';
	content: none;
}
table {
	border-collapse: collapse;
	border-spacing: 0;
}

  由于Reset CSS相对“暴力”，不管你有没有用，统统重置成一样的效果，且影响的范围很大，所以更加“平和”的一种方式Normalize CSS诞生了。

  Normalize CSS可以看成是一种Reset CSS的替代方案。创造Normalize CSS有下面这几个目的：

• 保护有用的浏览器默认样式而不是完全去掉它们
• 一般化的样式：为大部分HTML元素提供
• 修复浏览器自身的bug并保证各浏览器的一致性
• 优化CSS可用性：用一些小技巧
• 解释代码：用注释和详细的文档来

html {
  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */
  -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%; /* 2 */
}
body {
  margin: 0;
}
main {
  display: block;
}
h1 {
  font-size: 2em;
  margin: 0.67em 0;
}
hr {
  box-sizing: content-box; /* 1 */
  height: 0; /* 1 */
  overflow: visible; /* 2 */
}
pre {
  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
}
a {
  background-color: transparent;
}
abbr[title] {
  border-bottom: none; /* 1 */
  text-decoration: underline; /* 2 */
  text-decoration: underline dotted; /* 2 */
}
b,
strong {
  font-weight: bolder;
}
code,
kbd,
samp {
  font-family: monospace, monospace; /* 1 */
  font-size: 1em; /* 2 */
}
small {
  font-size: 80%;
}
sub,
sup {
  font-size: 75%;
  line-height: 0;
  position: relative;
  vertical-align: baseline;
}
sub {
  bottom: -0.25em;
}
sup {
  top: -0.5em;
}
img {
  border-style: none;
}
button,
input,
optgroup,
select,
textarea {
  font-family: inherit; /* 1 */
  font-size: 100%; /* 1 */
  line-height: 1.15; /* 1 */
  margin: 0; /* 2 */
}
button,
input { /* 1 */
  overflow: visible;
}
button,
select { /* 1 */
  text-transform: none;
}
button,
[type="button"],
[type="reset"],
[type="submit"] {
  -webkit-appearance: button;
}
button::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner {
  border-style: none;
  padding: 0;
}
button:-moz-focusring,
[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,
[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,
[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring {
  outline: 1px dotted ButtonText;
}
fieldset {
  padding: 0.35em 0.75em 0.625em;
}
legend {
  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
  color: inherit; /* 2 */
  display: table; /* 1 */
  max-width: 100%; /* 1 */
  padding: 0; /* 3 */
  white-space: normal; /* 1 */
}
progress {
  vertical-align: baseline;
}
textarea {
  overflow: auto;
}
[type="checkbox"],
[type="radio"] {
  box-sizing: border-box; /* 1 */
  padding: 0; /* 2 */
}
[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
  height: auto;
}
[type="search"] {
  -webkit-appearance: textfield; /* 1 */
  outline-offset: -2px; /* 2 */
}
[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
  -webkit-appearance: none;
}
::-webkit-file-upload-button {
  -webkit-appearance: button; /* 1 */
  font: inherit; /* 2 */
}
details {
  display: block;
}
summary {
  display: list-item;
}
template {
  display: none;
}
[hidden] {
  display: none;
}

  在后面章节中编写的实战案例部分，会采用Normalize CSS和Reset CSS结合代码，形成一个更加强大的方案，文件命名为reset.css，代码如下

@charset "utf-8";

/* --------------------重置样式-------------------------------- */

body,
h1,
h2,
h3,
h4,
h5,
h6,
hr,
p,
blockquote,
dl,
dt,
dd,
ul,
ol,
li,
button,
input,
textarea,
th,
td {
    margin : 0;
    padding: 0
}

/*设置默认字体*/
body {
    font-size  : 14px;
    font-style : normal;
    font-family: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, segoe ui, Roboto, helvetica neue, Arial, noto sans, sans-serif, apple color emoji, segoe ui emoji, segoe ui symbol, noto color emoji;
}

/*字体太小用户体检不好，让small恢复12px*/
small {
    font-size: 12px
}

h1 {
    font-size: 18px
}

h2 {
    font-size: 16px
}

h3 {
    font-size: 14px
}

h4,
h5,
h6 {
    font-size: 100%
}

ul,
ol {
    list-style: none
}

a {
    text-decoration : none;
    background-color: transparent
}

a:hover,
a:active {
    outline-width  : 0;
    text-decoration: none
}

/*重置表格*/
table {
    border-collapse: collapse;
    border-spacing : 0
}

/*重置hr*/
hr {
    border: 0;
    height: 1px
}

/*图形图片*/
img {
    border-style: none
}

img:not([src]) {
    display: none
}

svg:not(:root) {
    overflow: hidden
}

/*下面的操作是针对于html5页面布局准备的，不支持ie6~8以及其他低版本的浏览器*/
html {
    /*禁用系统默认菜单*/
    -webkit-touch-callout   : none;
    /*关闭iphone & Android的浏览器纵向和横向模式中自动调整字体大小的功能*/
    -webkit-text-size-adjust: 100%
}

input,
textarea,
button,
a {
    /*表单或者a标签在手机点击时会出现边框或彩色的背景区域，意思是去除点击背景框*/
    -webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0)
}

/*重置html5元素的默认样式*/
article,
aside,
details,
figcaption,
figure,
footer,
header,
main,
menu,
nav,
section,
summary {
    display: block
}

audio,
canvas,
progress,
video {
    display: inline-block
}

audio:not([controls]),
video:not([controls]) {
    display: none;
    height : 0
}

progress {
    vertical-align: baseline
}

mark {
    background-color: #ff0;
    color           : #000
}

sub,
sup {
    position      : relative;
    font-size     : 75%;
    line-height   : 0;
    vertical-align: baseline
}

sub {
    bottom: -0.25em
}

sup {
    top: -0.5em
}

button,
input,
select,
textarea {
    font-size: 100%;
    outline  : 0
}

button,
input {
    overflow: visible
}

button,
select {
    text-transform: none
}

textarea {
    overflow: auto
}

button,
html [type="button"],
[type="reset"],
[type="submit"] {
    -webkit-appearance: button
}

button::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="button"]::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="reset"]::-moz-focus-inner,
[type="submit"]::-moz-focus-inner {
    border-style: none;
    padding     : 0
}

button:-moz-focusring,
[type="button"]:-moz-focusring,
[type="reset"]:-moz-focusring,
[type="submit"]:-moz-focusring {
    outline: 1px dotted ButtonText
}

[type="checkbox"],
[type="radio"] {
    box-sizing: border-box;
    padding   : 0
}

[type="number"]::-webkit-inner-spin-button,
[type="number"]::-webkit-outer-spin-button {
    height: auto
}

[type="search"] {
    -webkit-appearance: textfield;
    outline-offset    : -2px
}

[type="search"]::-webkit-search-cancel-button,
[type="search"]::-webkit-search-decoration {
    -webkit-appearance: none
}

::-webkit-input-placeholder {
    color  : inherit;
    opacity: .54
}

::-webkit-file-upload-button {
    -webkit-appearance: button;
    font              : inherit
}