每天学点python-分支结构（2）

tip:以下内容学习自：https://github.com/jackfrued/Python-100-Days

1、IF语句的使用。

• 用户身份验证。

     username = input("请输入用户名：")
    password = input("请输入口令：") 
    #如果希望输入口令时 终端没有回显 可以使用getpass模块的getpass函数
    # import getpass
    # password = getpass.getpass("请输入口令：")
    if username == "admin" and password == "123456":
        print("身份验证成功！")
    else:
         print("身份验证失败！");

2、if…elif…else…

构建多个分支，分段函数求值：if…elif…else… 或者if…else嵌套分支

    x = float(input("x = "))
    if x > 1:
        y = 3 * x - 5
    elif x >= -1:
        y = x + 2
    else:
        y = 5 * x +3
    print("f(%.2f) = %.2f" % (x, y)) 

    x = float(input("x = "))
    if x > 1:
        y = 3 * x - 5
    else:
        if x >= -1:
            y = x + 2
        else:
            y = 5*x + 3
    print("f(%.2f) = %.2f" % (x, y))

练习：

练习1：英制单位与公制单位互换

    """
    英制单位英寸和公制单位厘米互换
    """
    value = float(input("请输入长度："))
    unit = input("请输入单位：")
    if unit == "in" or unit == "英寸":
        print("%f英寸 = %f厘米" % (value, value *2.54))
    elif unit == "cm" or unit == "厘米":
        print("%f厘米 = %f英寸" % (value, value/2.54))

练习2：掷骰子决定做什么

• 使用了random模块的randint函数生成指定范围的随机数来模拟掷骰子。

    from random import randint
    
    face = randint(1, 6)
    if face == 1:
        result = "唱首歌"
    elif face == 2:
        result = "跳个舞"
    elif face == 3:
        result = "学狗叫"
    elif face == 4:
        result = "做俯卧撑"
    elif face == 5:
        result = "念绕口令"
    else:
        result = "讲冷笑话"
    print(result)

练习3：百分制成绩转等级制

百分制成绩转等级制成绩
90分以上 --> A
80分~89分 --> B
70分~79分 --> C
60分~69分 --> D
60分以下 --> E

    score = float(input("请输入成绩："))
    if score >= 90:
        grade = "A"
    elif score >= 80:
        grade = "B"
    elif score >= 70:
        grade = "C"
    elif score >= 60:
        grade = "D"
    else:
        grade = "E"
    print(score,"分对应的等级是:", grade)

练习4：输入三条边长如果能构成三角形就计算周长和面积

• 使用了math模块的sqrt函数来计算平方根。
• 用边长计算三角形面积的公式叫做海伦公式。

    """
    判断输入的边长能否构成三角形
    如果能则计算出三角形的周长和面积
    """
    
    import math
    
    a = float(input("a = "))
    b = float(input("b = "))
    c = float(input("c = "))
    if a+b > c and a + c >b and b + c >a:
        print("周长：%f" % (a + b + c))
        p = (a + b + c) / 2
        area = math.sqrt(p * (p-a) * (p - b) * (p-c))
        print("面积：%f" % (area))
    else:
        print("不能构成三角形哦！")

练习5：个人所得税计算器。

• 速算扣除：是指工资超过的部分乘以这个税率再减去速算扣除即是要缴纳的税。
  
  
• 使用了Python内置的abs()函数取绝对值来处理-0的问题。

    salary = float(input("本月收入："))
    insurance = float(input("五险一金："))
    diff = salary - insurance - 5000 - 1500 #5000起征点，1500的租房免税额
    if diff <= 0:
        rate = 0
        deduction = 0
    elif diff < 3000:
        rate = 0.03
        deduction = 0
    elif diff < 12000:
        rate = 0.1
        deduction = 210
    elif diff < 25000:
        rate = 0.2
        deduction = 1410
    elif diff < 35000:
        rate = 0.25
        deduction = 2660
    elif diff < 55000:
        rate = 0.3
        deduction = 4410
    elif diff < 80000:
        rate = 0.35
        deduction = 7160
    else:
        rate = 0.45
        deduction = 15160 
    tax = abs(diff * rate - deduction)
    print("个人所得税：￥%.2f元" % tax)
    print("实际到手收入：￥%.2f元" % (diff + 5000 + 1500 - tax))