Python基础 -- Task11. 魔法方法

1. 基本的魔法方法

• 构造器，当一个实例被创建的时候调用的初始化方法

__init__(self[, ...])

# author：answer   time:2019/11/2
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,gender,age):
        self.name=name
        self.gender=gender
        self.age=age
stu1=Person("LiMing","M",19)
stu2=Person("ZhangLi","F",20)
print("Name:",stu1.name,"Gender:",stu1.gender,"Age:",stu1.age)
print("Name:",stu2.name,"Gender:",stu2.gender,"Age:",stu2.age)

执行结果：
Name: LiMing Gender: M Age: 19
Name: ZhangLi Gender: F Age: 20

• 析构器，当一个对象将要被系统回收之时调用的方法。
  用来解释对象占用的存储空间，在python删除对象和收回对象储存空间时被自动调用执行。如果用户没有编写析构函数，则python将提供一个默认的析构函数。

__del__(self)

# author：answer   time:2019/10/17
#析构函数
class Person:
    def __init__(self,name,gender,age):
        self.name=name
        self.gender=gender
        self.age=age
    def __del__(self):
        print("调用析构函数：",self.name,self.gender,self.age)
stu1=Person("LiMing","M",19)
stu2=Person("ZhangLi","F",20)
print("Name:",stu1.name,"Gender:",stu1.gender,"Age:",stu1.age)
print("Name:",stu2.name,"Gender:",stu2.gender,"Age:",stu2.age)
del stu1
del stu2

执行结果：
Name: LiMing Gender: M Age: 19
Name: ZhangLi Gender: F Age: 20
调用析构函数： LiMing M 19
调用析构函数： ZhangLi F 20

2. 算术运算符

# author：answer   time:2019/10/19
class Number:
    def __init__(self,a,b):
        self.a=a
        self.b=b
    def __add__(self, x):
        return Number(self.a+x.a,self.b+x.b)
    def __sub__(self, x):
        return  Number(self.a-x.a,self.b-x.b)
n1=Number(10,20)
n2=Number(100,200)
m=n1+n2
p=n2-n1
print(m.a,m.b)
print(p.a,p.b)

执行结果：
110 220
90 180

3. 反算术运算符

class Nint(int):
    def __radd__(self, other):
        return int.__sub__(other,self)
a = Nint(5)
b = Nint(3)
print(4-b)
print(a + b)

执行结果：
1
8