一、基础知识

1. 算数运算

   序号	表达式	含义
   1	3/2	除以，结果1.5
   2	3//2	整除，结果1
   3	2**3	pow(2, 3)，结果8

2. 获取用户输入

   >>>x = input("x:")
   x:>? 123
   >>>y = input("y:")
   y:>? 456
   >>>print(int(x)*int(y))
   56088
   

3. print用法

   打印多个参数时，在参数中间插入了空格

   >>>print('Age:',42)
   Age: 42
   >>>name = 'Gumby'
   >>>salutation = 'Mr.'
   >>>greeting = 'Hello,'
   >>>print(greeting, salutation, name)
   Hello, Mr. Gumby
   

   print自定义分隔符sep =

   print自定义结束符end=，默认为换行符，即print变量之后会换行

   >>>print("I", "wish", "to", "register", "a", "complaint", sep="_")
   I_wish_to_register_a_complaint
   >>> print('Hello,', end=' ')
   ...print('world!')
   Hello, world!
   

4. 导包

   # 导包4种方式
   import somemodule
   from somemodule import somefunction
   from somemodule import somefunction, anotherfunction, yetanotherfunction
   from somemodule import *
   
   
   
   # 当导入的两个模块都含有函数open时
   
   #以第一种方法导入
   import module1
   import module2
   #调用
   module1.open(...)
   module2.open(...)
    
   # 或者
   from module1 import open as open1
   from module2 import open as open2
       
   
       
   # as用法
   >>>import math as foobar
   >>>foobar.sqrt(4)
   2.0
   
   >>>from math import sqrt as foobar
   >>>foobar(4)
   2.0
   

5. 序列解包

   >>>x, y, z = 1, 2, 3
   >>>print(x, y, z)
   1 2 3
    
   >>>x, y = y, x
   >>>print(x, y, z)
   2 1 3
    
   >>>values = 1, 2, 3
   >>>values
   (1, 2, 3)
   >>>x, y, z = values
   >>>x
   1
    
   >>>scoundrel = {'name':'Robin', 'girlfriend':'Marion'}
   >>>key, value = scoundrel.popitem()
   >>>key
   'girlfriend'
   >>>value
   'Marion'
    
   >>>x, y, z = 1, 2
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
   ValueError: not enough values to unpack (expected 3, got 2)
   >>>x, y, z = 1, 2, 3, 4
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
   ValueError: too many values to unpack (expected 3)
    
   >>>a, b, *rest = [1, 2, 3, 4]
   >>>rest
   [3, 4]
    
   >>>name = "Albus Percival Wulfric Brian Dumbledore"
   >>>first, *middle, last = name.split()
   >>>middle
   ['Percival', 'Wulfric', 'Brian']
    
   >>>a, *b, c = "abc"
   >>>a, b, c
   ('a', ['b'], 'c')
   

6. 断言

   工作原理伪代码

   if not condition:
   crash program
   

   目的是让程序在错误条件出现时立即崩溃（这样胜过以后再崩溃）

   >>>age = 10
   >>>assert 0 < age < 100
   >>>age = -1
   >>>assert 0 < age < 100
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
   AssertionError
   
   >>>age = -1
   >>>assert 0 < age < 100, 'The age must be realistic'
   Traceback (most recent call last):
     File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
   AssertionError: The age must be realistic
   

7. 列表推导

   # ==运算符表示内容相同，is表示引用相同
   
   ta = [x * x for x in range(10)]
   tb = []
   for x in range(10):
   	tb.append(x * x)
   assert ta == tb
   
   ta = [x * x for x in range(10) if x % 3 == 0]
   tb = []
   for x in range(10):
   	if x % 3 == 0:
       	tb.append(x * x)
   assert ta == tb
   
   ta = [(x, y) for x in range(3) for y in range(3)]
   tb = []
   for x in range(3):
       for y in range(3):
           tb.append((x, y))
   assert ta == tb
   
   girls = ['alice', 'bernice', 'clarice']
   boys = ['chris', 'arnold', 'bob']
   ta = [b + '+' + g for b in boys for g in girls if b[0] == g[0]]
   tb = []
   for b in boys:
       for g in girls:
           if b[0] == g[0]:
               tb.append(b + '+' + g)
   assert ta == tb
   

8. 占位符

   if 1 == 2:
   	pass
   

9. Python不同版本中 类的区别

​ 截止到Python2.1时，只存在旧式类；Python2.2引进新式类；Python3中只有新式类；有些功能（如特性和函数super）不适用于旧式类。

​ 如果文件开头有__metaclass__ = type，则文件中的类都是新式类；如果在类的作用域内有__metaclass__ = type，则仅当前类为新式类；

​ 新式类隐式地继承object。