Python -装饰器

装饰器

装饰器的书写形式如下：

例1：

import time


def check_time(func):
    def wrapped():
        print("Now time is %s" % time.time())
        func()
    return wrapped


@check_time
def test():
    print("Hello, everyone!")


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test()

输出如下：

"C:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" E:/caicai/test.py
Now time is 1624608574.956126
Hello, everyone!

Process finished with exit code 0

从上段代码可以看出，装饰器就是在不改变原有函数功能的情况下，对该函数增加新的功能处理。
因此，如果需要对很多功能做同样的处理那么就可以使用装饰器，减少代码的重复性。

装饰器可以用在以下方面：

1、日志
2、函数执行时间统计
3、执行函数前预处理
4、执行函数后清理功能
5、权限校验
6、缓存

例1是无参数的函数，那么函数有参数如何写呢？看如下代码所示：

例2 带参数的函数：

import time


def check_time(func):
    def wrapped(a, b):
        print("Now time is %s" % time.time())
        func(a, b)
    return wrapped


@check_time
def test(x, y):
    a = x + y
    print(a)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test(1, 2)

输出：

"C:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" E:/caicai/test.py
Now time is 1624609290.6499522
3

Process finished with exit code 0

参数不定长

import time


def check_time(func):
    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Now time is %s" % time.time())
        func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapped


@check_time
def test(x, y, z):
    a = x + y + z
    print(a)


if __name__ == '__main__':
    test(1, 2, 3)

被装饰的函数返回值为return

import time


def check_time(func):
    def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
        print("Now time is %s" % time.time())
        return func(*args, **kwargs)
    return wrapped


@check_time
def test(x, y, z):
    a = x + y + z
    return a


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(test(1, 2, 3))

函数带有参数，还设置外部变量

def check_time_arg(desc="start analysis..."):
    def check_time(func):
        def wrapped(*args, **kwargs):
            print(desc)
            # print("Now time is %s" % time.time())
            return func(*args, **kwargs)
        return wrapped
    return check_time


@check_time_arg("start output...")
def test_one(x, y, z):
    a = x + y + z
    return a


@check_time_arg()
def test_two(x, y, z):
    a = x + y + z
    return a


if __name__ == '__main__':
    print(test_one(1, 2, 3))
    print(test_two(1, 2, 3))

输出：

"C:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" E:/caicai/test.py
start output...
6
start analysis...
6

Process finished with exit code 0

类装饰器

class Test(object):

    def __init__(self, func):
        self.__func = func

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("========")
        return self.__func()


@Test
def test():
    return "hello"


a = test()
print(a)

"C:\Program Files\Python39\python.exe" E:/caicai/test.py
========
hello

Process finished with exit code 0

带参数

class Test(object):

    def __init__(self, func):
        self.__func = func

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("========")
        return self.__func(*args)


@Test
def test(a, b):
    return a + b


c = test(1, 2)
print(c)