Linux系统之rpm仓库搭建

一、概念

　　1.rpm是什么？在帮助文档里我们可以看到，rpm的名字是rpm package manage 的缩写， 从名字上看就可以知道rpm就是一个包管理工具。简单说rpm包就是把一些程序编译成二进制，和一些配置文件以及帮助文档等一些程序所依赖库打包在一起，这样形成的一个包。rpm大大的简化用户在Linux上安装软件的复杂度。

　　2.rpm仓库是什么？从字面理解,仓库就是集中存放东西的地方，同样rpm仓库就是集中存放rpm包的一个地方。这里说的‘地方’就是服务器。把很多rpm包放在一个特定的服务器的特定目录里， 再由比如http、nfs、ftp、file这些协议是用来提供给其他服务器下载rpm包的服务器，我们把这样的服务器称为rpm仓库服务器。

　　3.yum是什么？yum是Yellowdog Updater Modified 的缩写，翻译过来就是Yellowdog 更新修改，完全没有搞懂这个翻译到底是什么意思，查下百度百科吧！yum是一个在Fedora、Redhat以及CentOS中的shell前端软件包管理器。基于rpm包管理，能够从指定的服务器自下载rpm包并且安装，可以自动处理包依赖关系，并且能够一次安装所有所依赖的软件包，无需频繁的一次次下载安装。看了百度的解释，我们应该知道yum是什么了吧！简单说就是基于rpm包的前端管理工具，它可以帮我们解决包与包的依赖关系。

　　4.yum的工作机制。yum是c/s架构的工作机制，服务端提供rpm仓库，客户端根据服务端提供的仓库，通过特定协议去服务端下载所需要的包来进行安装。第一次去服务端，它会把服务端的仓库元数据缓存到本地，这样就不需要每次下载都去服务端查询。所谓仓库的元数据就是记录着该仓库有哪些包，包名，包与包的依赖关系等一些数据。每次要装包的时候，yum会去看看本地缓存的元数据，有没有需要的包的信息，如果有，他们会把相应的包以及所依赖的包一并去服务端下载下来，一并安装。

二、仓库的搭建

　　了解了以上的基本概念，下面我们开始来搭建rpm仓库吧

　　1.创建目录结构

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

[root@test ~]$mkdir -pv /rpm/centos/{6,7}/os/x86_64 mkdir: created directory `/rpm' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/6' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/6/os' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/7' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/7/os' mkdir: created directory `/rpm/centos/7/os/x86_64'

　　说明：本次实验是在centos6或centos7平台架构是x86_64的系统上来创建的目录

　　2.上传包

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[root@test ~]$cd /rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64/ [root@test x86_64]$pwd /rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64 [root@test x86_64]$mv /root/samba-3.6.23-41.el6.x86_64.rpm /root/vsftpd-2.2.2-24.el6.x86_64.rpm . [root@test x86_64]$cd ../../../7/os/x86_64/ [root@test x86_64]$pwd /rpm/centos/7/os/x86_64 [root@test x86_64]$mv /root/tomcat-7.0.76-2.el7.noarch.rpm /root/samba-4.6.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpm .

　　说明： 上传了4个包，在/rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64/ 放了samba-3.6.23-41.el6.x86_64.rpm和vsftpd-2.2.2-24.el6.x86_64.rpm两个包，在/rpm/centos/7/os/x86_64放了samba-4.6.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpm和tomcat-7.0.76-2.el7.noarch.rpm两个包，本人先是把包传到服务器，然后移动到相应的目录里。

　　3.创建元数据

　　首先要检查自己的服务器有没有装createrepo这个工具

1 2	[root@test x86_64]$rpm -q createrepo package createrepo is not installed

　　如果没有就安装

1	[root@test x86_64]$yum install -y createrepo

　　创建仓库元数据

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

[root@test ~]$createrepo /rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64/ Spawning worker 0 with 2 pkgs Workers Finished Gathering worker results   Saving Primary metadata Saving file lists metadata Saving other metadata Generating sqlite DBs Sqlite DBs complete [root@test ~]$createrepo /rpm/centos/7/os/x86_64/ Spawning worker 0 with 2 pkgs Workers Finished Gathering worker results   Saving Primary metadata Saving file lists metadata Saving other metadata Generating sqlite DBs Sqlite DBs complete [root@test ~]$ll /rpm/centos/6/os/x86_64/ total 5368 drwxr-xr-x  2 root root    4096 Sep  8 16:18 repodata -rw-r--r--+ 1 root root 5331428 Sep  8 16:02 samba-3.6.23-41.el6.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r--+ 1 root root  159332 Sep  8 16:02 vsftpd-2.2.2-24.el6.x86_64.rpm [root@test ~]$ll /rpm/centos/7/os/x86_64/ total 732 drwxr-xr-x  2 root root   4096 Sep  8 16:18 repodata -rw-r--r--+ 1 root root 647996 Sep  8 16:04 samba-4.6.2-8.el7.x86_64.rpm -rw-r--r--+ 1 root root  91820 Sep  8 16:04 tomcat-7.0.76-2.el7.noarch.rpm

　　说明：可以看到在两个仓库下各自生成了一个repodata的目录，这里说一下，要确定仓库的路径就是要看repodata这个目录的父目录是什么，repodata目录所在的父目录就是仓库的路径。

　　4.在客户端编写repo配置文件

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

[root@test ~]$cd /etc/yum.repos.d/ [root@test yum.repos.d]$ls CentOS-Base.repo  CentOS-Debuginfo.repo  CentOS-fasttrack.repo  CentOS-Media.repo  CentOS-Vault.repo  epel.repo  epel-testing.repo [root@test yum.repos.d]$mkdir repo_bak [root@test yum.repos.d]$mv *.repo repo_bak [root@test yum.repos.d]$ls repo_bak

　　说明：本人采用的是客户端服务端在同一台设备上，为了不受其他repo配置文件的干扰，我们把以前的repo文件全部移动到另外一个备份目录里，然后在/etc/yum.repo.d/ 下创建一个repo文件。

1 2 3 4

[my_base] name=this is test repo baseurl=file:///rpm/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch gpgcheck=0

　　说明：创建一个.repo的文件，将以上内容添加到该文件，解释一下这个文件的内容，第一个中括号里表示仓库的名字，通常这个名字可以顺便起，一般不建议里面带空格，name=表示仓库的简要说明，baseurl= 表示仓库的路径，也就是repodata所在的目录的父目录，gpgcheck=0表示不检查包的gpg验证，若gpgcheck=1表示要验证。添加以上内容我们客户端就可以根据以上定义的baseurl去服务器仓库里找相应的包。

　　5.在客户端清除yum缓存，查看仓库列表

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

[root@test yum.repos.d]$yum clean all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Cleaning repos: my_base Cleaning up Everything Cleaning up list of fastest mirrors [root@test yum.repos.d]$yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Determining fastest mirrors my_base                                                                                                     | 2.9 kB     00:00 ... my_base/primary_db                                                                                          | 6.0 kB     00:00 ... repo id                                                  repo name                                                           status my_base                                                  this is test repo                                                   2 repolist: 2

　　说明：可以看到我们刚才配置的仓库信息，repo id 就是我们刚才在repo文件中写的，也可看到里面有2个包。看到以上信息就表示rpm仓库在客户端上的配置成功了。

　　6.装包验证

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

[root@test yum.repos.d]$yum install vsftpd Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Install Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-24.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution   Dependencies Resolved   ===================================================================================================================================  Package                      Arch                         Version                             Repository                     Size =================================================================================================================================== Installing:  vsftpd                       x86_64                       2.2.2-24.el6                        my_base                       156 k   Transaction Summary =================================================================================================================================== Install       1 Package(s)   Total download size: 156 k Installed size: 340 k Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading Packages: Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing : vsftpd-2.2.2-24.el6.x86_64                                                                                      1/1   Verifying  : vsftpd-2.2.2-24.el6.x86_64                                                                                      1/1   Installed:   vsftpd.x86_64 0:2.2.2-24.el6                                                                                                       Complete!

　　说明：本人以两个包作为例子来演示搭建rpm的过程，可能装这个包还有其他依赖包，但是仓库里面没有其他依赖，可能会出现报错的情况。

　　以上就是本地搭建repo仓库的过程。

　　下面我再说下如何搭建网络rpm仓库

　　1.先安装httpd web服务器

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47

[root@test yum.repos.d]$yum install httpd -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Install Process Determining fastest mirrors  * base: mirrors.aliyun.com  * extras: mirrors.aliyun.com  * updates: mirrors.aliyun.com base                                                                                                        | 3.7 kB     00:00     base/primary_db                                                                                             | 4.7 MB     00:00     epel                                                                                                        | 5.3 kB     00:00     epel/primary_db                                                                                             | 6.1 MB     00:00     extras                                                                                                      | 3.4 kB     00:00     extras/primary_db                                                                                           |  29 kB     00:00     updates                                                                                                     | 3.4 kB     00:00     updates/primary_db                                                                                          | 5.7 MB     00:00     Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-69.el6.centos will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution   Dependencies Resolved   ===================================================================================================================================  Package                    Arch                        Version                                    Repository                 Size =================================================================================================================================== Installing:  httpd                      x86_64                      2.2.15-69.el6.centos                       base                      836 k   Transaction Summary =================================================================================================================================== Install       1 Package(s)   Total download size: 836 k Installed size: 3.0 M Downloading Packages: httpd-2.2.15-69.el6.centos.x86_64.rpm                                                                       | 836 kB     00:00     Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing : httpd-2.2.15-69.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                               1/1   Verifying  : httpd-2.2.15-69.el6.centos.x86_64                                                                               1/1   Installed:   httpd.x86_64 0:2.2.15-69.el6.centos                                                                                                Complete!

　　说明：httpd默认工作路径在/var/www/html/ 下，也就是放html网页代码的地方。

　　2.在httpd 的工作路径下 创建目录结构

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

[root@test ~]$mkdir -pv /var/www/html/centos/{6,7}/os/x86_64 mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/6' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/6/os' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/6/os/x86_64' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/7' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/7/os' mkdir: created directory `/var/www/html/centos/7/os/x86_64'

　　3.挂载安装光盘到相应的位置

1 2	[root@test ~]$mount /dev/sr0 /var/www/html/centos/6/os/x86_64/ mount: block device /dev/sr0 is write-protected, mounting read-only

　　说明：我这里只挂载了centos6的一个安装光盘，centos7下面的目录也可以使用同样的方式挂载centos7的安装光盘，这里用centos6作为演示。这里还要说一下安装光盘本身就有repodata目录，我们这里就不需要再创建元数据信息。

　　4.开启httpd

1 2 3 4

[root@test ~]$/etc/init.d/httpd start Starting httpd: httpd: apr_sockaddr_info_get() failed for test httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name, using 127.0.0.1 for ServerName                                                            [  OK  ]

　　5.客户端配置repo文件

1 2 3 4

[my_base] name=this is test repo baseurl=http://127.0.0.1/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch gpgcheck=0

　　说明：这里只需要把仓库的路径改成以http的协议方式去获取，当然为了不受其他yum源的影响，本次实验我们也要把其他的repo文件放在一个备份目录。

　　6.客户端清除yum缓存，并查看仓库列表

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

[root@test x86_64]$yum clean all Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Cleaning repos: my_base Cleaning up Everything [root@test x86_64]$yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Determining fastest mirrors my_base                                                                                                                                             | 4.0 kB     00:00     my_base/primary_db                                                                                                                                  | 4.6 MB     00:00     repo id                                                                      repo name                                                                               status my_base                                                                      this is test repo                                                                       6,575 repolist: 6,575

　　说明：可以看到刚才搭建的仓库成功的出现在仓库列表中了。

　　7.安装一个包，验证仓库

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109

[root@test ~]$yum install java -y Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Install Process Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package java-1.8.0-openjdk.x86_64 1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless = 1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6 for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1 for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libjvm.so(SUNWprivate_1.1)(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libjli.so(SUNWprivate_1.1)(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libjava.so(SUNWprivate_1.1)(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libjli.so()(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libjava.so()(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libgif.so.4()(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libawt.so()(64bit) for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Running transaction check ---> Package giflib.x86_64 0:4.1.6-3.1.el6 will be installed ---> Package java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless.x86_64 1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: tzdata-java >= 2014f-1 for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: jpackage-utils for package: 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64 ---> Package xorg-x11-fonts-Type1.noarch 0:7.2-11.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: ttmkfdir for package: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch --> Processing Dependency: ttmkfdir for package: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch --> Processing Dependency: mkfontdir for package: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch --> Processing Dependency: mkfontdir for package: xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch --> Running transaction check ---> Package jpackage-utils.noarch 0:1.7.5-3.14.el6 will be installed ---> Package ttmkfdir.x86_64 0:3.0.9-32.1.el6 will be installed ---> Package tzdata-java.noarch 0:2015e-1.el6 will be installed ---> Package xorg-x11-font-utils.x86_64 1:7.2-11.el6 will be installed --> Processing Dependency: libfontenc.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:xorg-x11-font-utils-7.2-11.el6.x86_64 --> Processing Dependency: libXfont.so.1()(64bit) for package: 1:xorg-x11-font-utils-7.2-11.el6.x86_64 --> Running transaction check ---> Package libXfont.x86_64 0:1.4.5-4.el6_6 will be installed ---> Package libfontenc.x86_64 0:1.0.5-2.el6 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution   Dependencies Resolved   ===========================================================================================================================================================================  Package                                             Arch                           Version                                          Repository                       Size =========================================================================================================================================================================== Installing:  java-1.8.0-openjdk                                  x86_64                         1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6                            my_base                         188 k Installing for dependencies:  giflib                                              x86_64                         4.1.6-3.1.el6                                    my_base                          37 k  java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless                         x86_64                         1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6                            my_base                          32 M  jpackage-utils                                      noarch                         1.7.5-3.14.el6                                   my_base                          60 k  libXfont                                            x86_64                         1.4.5-4.el6_6                                    my_base                         137 k  libfontenc                                          x86_64                         1.0.5-2.el6                                      my_base                          24 k  ttmkfdir                                            x86_64                         3.0.9-32.1.el6                                   my_base                          43 k  tzdata-java                                         noarch                         2015e-1.el6                                      my_base                         176 k  xorg-x11-font-utils                                 x86_64                         1:7.2-11.el6                                     my_base                          75 k  xorg-x11-fonts-Type1                                noarch                         7.2-11.el6                                       my_base                         520 k   Transaction Summary =========================================================================================================================================================================== Install      10 Package(s)   Total download size: 33 M Installed size: 104 M Downloading Packages: (1/10): ttmkfdir-3.0.9-32.1.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                          |  43 kB     00:00     (2/10): java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                           | 188 kB     00:00     (3/10): jpackage-utils-1.7.5-3.14.el6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                    |  60 kB     00:00     (4/10): tzdata-java-2015e-1.el6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                          | 176 kB     00:00     (5/10): java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                  |  32 MB     00:00     (6/10): xorg-x11-font-utils-7.2-11.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                   |  75 kB     00:00     (7/10): libXfont-1.4.5-4.el6_6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                           | 137 kB     00:00     (8/10): xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch.rpm                                                                                                  | 520 kB     00:00     (9/10): giflib-4.1.6-3.1.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                             |  37 kB     00:00     (10/10): libfontenc-1.0.5-2.el6.x86_64.rpm                                                                                                          |  24 kB     00:00     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Total                                                                                                                                       33 MB/s |  33 MB     00:01     Running rpm_check_debug Running Transaction Test Transaction Test Succeeded Running Transaction   Installing : libfontenc-1.0.5-2.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                          1/10   Installing : libXfont-1.4.5-4.el6_6.x86_64                                                                                                                          2/10   Installing : 1:xorg-x11-font-utils-7.2-11.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                3/10   Installing : giflib-4.1.6-3.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                            4/10   Installing : tzdata-java-2015e-1.el6.noarch                                                                                                                         5/10   Installing : jpackage-utils-1.7.5-3.14.el6.noarch                                                                                                                   6/10   Installing : 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64                                                                                               7/10   Installing : ttmkfdir-3.0.9-32.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                         8/10   Installing : xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch                                                                                                                 9/10   Installing : 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64                                                                                                       10/10   Verifying  : ttmkfdir-3.0.9-32.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                         1/10   Verifying  : 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64                                                                                                        2/10   Verifying  : jpackage-utils-1.7.5-3.14.el6.noarch                                                                                                                   3/10   Verifying  : tzdata-java-2015e-1.el6.noarch                                                                                                                         4/10   Verifying  : 1:java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless-1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6.x86_64                                                                                               5/10   Verifying  : 1:xorg-x11-font-utils-7.2-11.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                6/10   Verifying  : libXfont-1.4.5-4.el6_6.x86_64                                                                                                                          7/10   Verifying  : xorg-x11-fonts-Type1-7.2-11.el6.noarch                                                                                                                 8/10   Verifying  : giflib-4.1.6-3.1.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                            9/10   Verifying  : libfontenc-1.0.5-2.el6.x86_64                                                                                                                         10/10   Installed:   java-1.8.0-openjdk.x86_64 1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6                                                                                                                            Dependency Installed:   giflib.x86_64 0:4.1.6-3.1.el6                 java-1.8.0-openjdk-headless.x86_64 1:1.8.0.45-35.b13.el6              jpackage-utils.noarch 0:1.7.5-3.14.el6                 libXfont.x86_64 0:1.4.5-4.el6_6               libfontenc.x86_64 0:1.0.5-2.el6                                       ttmkfdir.x86_64 0:3.0.9-32.1.el6                       tzdata-java.noarch 0:2015e-1.el6              xorg-x11-font-utils.x86_64 1:7.2-11.el6                               xorg-x11-fonts-Type1.noarch 0:7.2-11.el6               Complete!

　　到此网络rpm仓库就搭建完毕！！