【python基础】函数

8.1定义函数

def greet_user():
    '''显示简单的问候语'''
    print("Hello!")
greet_user()

Hello!

8.1.1 向函数传递消息

def greet_user(username):
    '''显示简单的问候语'''
    print("Hello,"+username.title()+'!')
greet_user("Zhanghaokun")

Hello,Zhanghaokun!

8.1.2 形参和实参

上面案例中username为形参 "Zhanghaokun"实参

8.2传递实参

8.2.1 位置实参

def describe_pet(animal_type,pet_name):
    """显示宠物信息"""
    print("\nI have a "+animal_type+".")
    print("\nMy "+animal_type+"'s name is: "+pet_name)

describe_pet("hamster","harry")

I have a hamster.

My hamster’s name is: harry

8.2.2 关键字实参

def describe_pet(animal_type,pet_name):
    """显示宠物信息"""
    print("\nI have a "+animal_type+".")
    print("\nMy "+animal_type+"'s name is: "+pet_name)

describe_pet(animal_type="dog",pet_name="hotspurs")

I have a dog.

My dog’s name is: hotspurs

8.2.3 默认值

## 形参列表中，有默认值的必须放后面
def describe_pet(pet_name,animal_type="dog"):
    """显示宠物信息"""
    print("\nI have a "+animal_type+".")
    print("\nMy "+animal_type+"'s name is: "+pet_name)

describe_pet("hotspurs")

I have a dog.

My dog’s name is: hotspurs

8.3返回值

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
    return full_name.title()
my_name = get_formatted_name("zhang","haokun")
print(my_name)

Zhang Haokun

8.3.1返回简单值

8.3.2让实参变为可选的

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name,middle_name=''):
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    if middle_name:
        full_name = first_name + " " + middle_name + ' ' + last_name
    else:
        full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
    return full_name.title()



my_name = get_formatted_name("zhang","hao","kun")
print(my_name)

Zhang Kun Hao

8.3.3返回字典

def build_person(first_name,last_name):
    """返回一个字典，包含一个人的信息"""
    person = {
        'first' : first_name,
        'last' : last_name
    }
    return person
me = build_person("zhang","haokun")
print(me)

{‘first’: ‘zhang’, ‘last’: ‘haokun’}

8.3.4结合使用函数和while循环

def get_formatted_name(first_name,last_name):
    """返回整洁的名字"""
    full_name = first_name + " " + last_name
    return full_name.title()

while True:
    print("\nPlease tell me your name")
    print("\nenter 'q' at any time to  quit")

    f_name = input("First: ")
    if f_name == 'q':
        break
    l_name = input("Lat: ")
    if l_name == 'q':
        break

    formatted_name = get_formatted_name(f_name,l_name)
    print("\nHello, "+formatted_name.title())

Please tell me your name

enter ‘q’ at any time to quit

Hello, Zhang Haokun

Please tell me your name

enter ‘q’ at any time to quit

8.4传递列表

def greet_users(names):
    """向列表中的每位用户发出简单的问候信息"""
    for name in names:
        msg = "Hello, " + name.title() + "!"
        print(msg)

user_names = ["tom","tony","jerry","lisa"]
greet_users(user_names)

Hello, Tom!
Hello, Tony!
Hello, Jerry!
Hello, Lisa!

8.4.1在函数中修改列表

# 为用户提交的设计制作3D打印模型的公司，需要打印的设计存储在一个列表中，打印后移到另一个列表中

# 不使用函数
# 先创建一个列表，其中包含一些要打印的设计
unprinted_designs=['iphone case','robot pendant','dodecahedron']
completed_models = []

# 模拟打印每个设计，直到没有未打印的设计为止
# 打印每个设计后，都将其移动到列表completed_models中
while unprinted_designs:
    current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()

    # 模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
    print("Printing model: " + current_design)
    completed_models.append(current_design)

# 显示打印好的所有模型
print("\nThe following models have been printed: ")
for completed_model in completed_models:
    print(completed_model)

Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: iphone case

The following models have been printed:
dodecahedron
robot pendant
iphone case

# 使用函数
def print_models(unprinted_designs,complete_models):
    while unprinted_designs:
        current_design = unprinted_designs.pop()
        # 模拟根据设计制作3D打印模型的过程
        print("Printing model: " + current_design)
        completed_models.append(current_design)

def show_completed_models(completed_models):
    print("\nThe following models have been printed: ")
    for completed_model in completed_models:
        print(completed_model)

unprinted_designs=['iphone case','robot pendant','dodecahedron']
completed_models = []
print_models(unprinted_designs,completed_models)
show_completed_models(completed_models)

Printing model: dodecahedron
Printing model: robot pendant
Printing model: iphone case

The following models have been printed:
dodecahedron
robot pendant
iphone case

8.4.2禁止函数修改列表

 向函数传递列表的副本
 function_name(list_name[:])

8.5传递任意数量的实参

def make_pizza(*toppings):
    """打印顾客点的所有配料
    *toppings ---> 封装成一个列表
    """
    print(toppings)

make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms','green peppers','extra cheese')

(‘pepperoni’,)
(‘mushrooms’, ‘green peppers’, ‘extra cheese’)

def make_pizza(*toppings):
    """打印顾客点的所有配料
    *toppings ---> 封装成一个列表
    """
    print("\nMake a pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print('-' + topping)
make_pizza('pepperoni')
make_pizza('mushrooms','green peppers','extra cheese')

Make a pizza with the following toppings:
-pepperoni

Make a pizza with the following toppings:
-mushrooms
-green peppers
-extra cheese

8.5.1结合位置实参和任意数量参数

# 位置：位置实参 关键字参数 其他
def make_pizza(size,*toppings):
    """打印顾客点的所有配料
    *toppings ---> 封装成一个列表
    """
    print("\nMake a " + str(size) +
          "-inch pizza with the following toppings:")
    for topping in toppings:
        print('-' + topping)

make_pizza(12,'pepperoni')
make_pizza(16,'mushrooms','green peppers','extra cheese')

Make a 12-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-pepperoni

Make a 16-inch pizza with the following toppings:
-mushrooms
-green peppers
-extra cheese

8.5.2使用任意数量的关键字参数

def build_profile(first,last,**user_info):
    """创建一个字典，其中包含我们知道的用户"""
    """
    **user_info ----> 传换成字典
    """
    profile = {}
    profile['first_name'] = first
    profile['last_name'] = last
    for key, value in user_info.items():
        profile[key] = value
    return profile
user_profile = build_profile("zhang","haokun",location="xi'an",field="CS")
print(user_profile)

{‘first_name’: ‘zhang’, ‘last_name’: ‘haokun’, ‘location’: “xi’an”, ‘field’: ‘CS’}

8.6将函数存储在模块中

8.6.1导入整个模块

使用import

8.6.2导入特定的函数

from … import …

8.6.3使用as给函数起别名

from … import … as …

8.6.4导入模块中所有函数

from … import *