Beautiful Soup将复杂的HTML文档转换成一个复杂的树形结构,每个节点都是Python对象,所有对象可以归纳为4种:
- 标签
- NavigableString
- BeautifulSoup
- 评论
1.标签
Tag通俗点讲就是HTML中的一个个标签,例如:
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
上面的等等title
head
a
p
HTML标签加上里面包括的内容就是Tag,那么试着使用Beautiful Soup来获取标签:
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
#创建 Beautiful Soup 对象
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
print soup.title
# <title>The Dormouse's story</title>
print soup.head
# <head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
print soup.a
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
print soup.p
# <p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
print type(soup.p)
# <class 'bs4.element.Tag'>
我们可以利用汤加标签名轻松地获取这些标签的内容,但这些对象的类型是bs4.element.Tag
。但是注意,它查找的是在所有内容中的第一个符合要求的标签。如果要查询所有的标签,后面会进行介绍。
对于Tag,它有两个重要的属性,是名和attrs
print soup.name
# [document] #soup 对象本身比较特殊,它的 name 即为 [document]
print soup.head.name
# head #对于其他内部标签,输出的值便为标签本身的名称
print soup.p.attrs
# {'class': ['title'], 'name': 'dromouse'}
# 在这里,我们把 p 标签的所有属性打印输出了出来,得到的类型是一个字典。
print soup.p['class'] # soup.p.get('class')
# ['title'] #还可以利用get方法,传入属性的名称,二者是等价的
soup.p['class'] = "newClass"
print soup.p # 可以对这些属性和内容等等进行修改
# <p class="newClass" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
del soup.p['class'] # 还可以对这个属性进行删除
print soup.p
# <p name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
2. NavigableString
既然我们已经得到了标签的内容,那么问题来了,我们要想获取标签内部的文字怎么办呢?很简单,用.string即可,例如
print soup.p.string
# The Dormouse's story
print type(soup.p.string)
# In [13]: <class 'bs4.element.NavigableString'>
3. BeautifulSoup
BeautifulSoup对象表示的是一个文档的内容。大部分时候,可以把它当作Tag对象,是一个特殊的Tag,我们可以分别获取它的类型,名称,以及属性来感受一下
print type(soup.name)
# <type 'unicode'>
print soup.name
# [document]
print soup.attrs # 文档本身的属性为空
# {}
4.评论
注释对象是一个特殊类型的NavigableString对象,其输出的内容不包括注释符号。
print soup.a
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
print soup.a.string
# Elsie
print type(soup.a.string)
# <class 'bs4.element.Comment'>
a标签里的内容实际上是注释,但是如果我们利用.string来输出它的内容时,注释符号已经去掉了。
五.遍历文档树
1.直接子节点:.contents
.children
属性
。内容
tag的.content属性可以将标签的子节点以列表的方式输出
print soup.head.contents
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
输出方式为列表,我们可以用列表索引来获取它的某一个元素
print soup.head.contents[0]
#<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
。孩子
它返回的不是一个列表,不过我们可以通过遍历获取所有子节点。
我们打印输出.children看一下,可以发现它是一个list生成器对象
print soup.head.children
#<listiterator object at 0x7f71457f5710>
for child in soup.body.children:
print child
结果:
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
2.所有子孙节点:.descendants
属性
.contents和.children属性仅包含标签的直接子节点,.descendants属性可以对所有标签的子孙节点进行递归循环,和儿童类似,我们也需要遍历获取其中的内容。
for child in soup.descendants:
print child
运行结果:
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body></html>
<head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<title>The Dormouse's story</title>
The Dormouse's story
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
</body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<b>The Dormouse's story</b>
The Dormouse's story
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>
Elsie
,
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>
Lacie
and
<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>
Tillie
;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.
<p class="story">...</p>
3.节点内容:.string
属性
如果一个标签里面没有标签了,那么.string就会返回标签里面的内容。如果标签里面只有唯一的一个标签了,那么.string也会返回最里面的内容。
print soup.head.string
#The Dormouse's story
print soup.title.string
#The Dormouse's story
六.搜索文档树
1.find_all(name, attrs, recursive, text, **kwargs)
1)名称参数
name参数可以查找所有名字为name的标签,字符串对象会被自动忽略掉
A.传字符串
最简单的过滤器是字符串。在搜索方法中传入一个字符串参数,Beautiful Soup会查找与字符串完整匹配的内容,下面的例子用于查找文档中所有的<b>
标签:
soup.find_all('b')
# [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>]
print soup.find_all('a')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
B.传正则表达式
如果传入正则表达式作为参数,Beautiful Soup会通过正则表达式的match()来匹配内容。下面例子中找出所有以b开头的标签,这表示<body>
和<b>
标签都应该找到
import re
for tag in soup.find_all(re.compile("^b")):
print(tag.name)
# body
# b
C.传列表
如果传入列表参数,Beautiful Soup会将与列表中任一元素匹配的内容返回。下面代码找到文档中所有<a>
标签和<b>
标签:
soup.find_all(["a", "b"])
# [<b>The Dormouse's story</b>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1">Elsie</a>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>,
# <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
2)关键字参数
soup.find_all(class_ = "sister")
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
soup.find_all(id='link2')
# [<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>]
3)文字参数
通过文本参数可以搜索文档中的字符串内容,与名称参数的可选值一样,text参数接受字符串,正则表达式,列表
soup.find_all(text="Elsie")
# [u'Elsie']
soup.find_all(text=["Tillie", "Elsie", "Lacie"])
# [u'Elsie', u'Lacie', u'Tillie']
soup.find_all(text=re.compile("Dormouse"))
[u"The Dormouse's story", u"The Dormouse's story"]
2.find()方法
find()的用法与find_all一样,在于区别
find用于
查找第一个符合匹配查询查询结果,find_all
则用于查找所有匹配查询查询结果的列表。
3. CSS选择器(在爬虫中这是最常用的方式)
-
写CSS时,标签名不加任何修饰,类名前加英文句号 .,id名前加
#
-
在这里我们也可以利用类似的方法来筛选元素,用到的方法是
soup.select()
,返回类型是list
(1)通过标签名查找
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
html = """
<html><head><title>The Dormouse's story</title></head>
<body>
<p class="title" name="dromouse"><b>The Dormouse's story</b></p>
<p class="story">Once upon a time there were three little sisters; and their names were
<a href="http://example.com/elsie" class="sister" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>,
<a href="http://example.com/lacie" class="sister" id="link2">Lacie</a> and
<a href="http://example.com/tillie" class="sister" id="link3">Tillie</a>;
and they lived at the bottom of a well.</p>
<p class="story">...</p>
"""
#创建 Beautiful Soup 对象
soup = BeautifulSoup(html)
print soup.select('title')
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
print soup.select('a') # 取到了所有的a标签
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
print soup.select('b')
#[<b>The Dormouse's story</b>]
(2)通过类名查找
print soup.select('.sister')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
(3)通过id名查找
print soup.select('#link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
(4)组合查找
组合查找即和写类文件时,标签名与类名,id名进行的组合原理是一样的,例如查找p标签中,id等于link1的内容,二者需要用空格分开
print soup.select('p #link1')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
直接子标签查找,使用则 >
分隔
print soup.select("head > title")
#[<title>The Dormouse's story</title>]
(5)属性查找
查找时还可以加入属性元素,属性需要用中括号括起来,注意属性和标签属于同一节点,所以中间不能加空格,否则会无法匹配到。
print soup.select('a[class="sister"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/lacie" id="link2">Lacie</a>, <a class="sister" href="http://example.com/tillie" id="link3">Tillie</a>]
print soup.select('a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
同样,属性仍然可以与上述查找方式组合,不在同一节点的空格隔开,同一节点的不加空格
print soup.select('p a[href="http://example.com/elsie"]')
#[<a class="sister" href="http://example.com/elsie" id="link1"><!-- Elsie --></a>]
(6)获取内容
soup = BeautifulSoup(html, 'lxml')
print type(soup.select('title'))
print soup.select('title')[0].get_text()
for title in soup.select('title'):
print title.get_text()