初学MySQL第七天

进阶7：子查询

含义：出现在其他语句中的select语句，称为子查询或内查询外部的查询语句，称为主查询或外查询
分类：

按子查询出现的位置：
	select后面：
		仅仅支持标量子查询
	from后面：
		支持表子查询
	where或having后面：★
		标量子查询（单行） √
		列子查询  （多行） √
		行子查询
	exists后面（相关子查询）
		表子查询
按结果集的行列数不同：
	标量子查询（结果集只有一行一列）
	列子查询（结果集只有一列多行）
	行子查询（结果集有一行多列）
	表子查询（结果集一般为多行多列）

一、where或having后面

1、标量子查询（单行子查询）
2、列子查询（多行子查询）
3、行子查询（多列多行）

特点：
①子查询放在小括号内
②子查询一般放在条件的右侧
③标量子查询，一般搭配着单行操作符使用
列子查询，一般搭配着多行操作符使用
in、any/some、all
④子查询的执行优先于主查询执行，主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果

1.标量子查询★

• 案例1：谁的工资比 Abel 高?

   ①查询Abel的工资
   SELECT salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
  
   ②查询员工的信息，满足 salary>①结果
   SELECT *
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary>(
   		SELECT salary
   		FROM employees
   		WHERE last_name = 'Abel'
  

);

• 案例2：返回job_id与141号员工相同，salary比143号员工多的员工 姓名，job_id 和工资

   ①查询141号员工的job_id
   SELECT job_id
   FROM employees
   WHERE employee_id = 141
   
   ②查询143号员工的salary
   SELECT salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE employee_id = 143
  
   ③查询员工的姓名，job_id 和工资，要求job_id=①并且salary>②
   
   SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE job_id = (
   	SELECT job_id
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE employee_id = 141
   ) AND salary>(
   	SELECT salary
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE employee_id = 143
   
   );
  

• 案例3：返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary

   ①查询公司的 最低工资
   SELECT MIN(salary)
   FROM employees
   
   ②查询last_name,job_id和salary，要求salary=①
   SELECT last_name,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary=(
   	SELECT MIN(salary)
   	FROM employees
   );
  

• 案例4：查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资

   ①查询50号部门的最低工资
   SELECT  MIN(salary)
   FROM employees
   WHERE department_id = 50
   
   ②查询每个部门的最低工资
   
   SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
   FROM employees
   GROUP BY department_id
   
   ③ 在②基础上筛选，满足min(salary)>①
   SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
   FROM employees
   GROUP BY department_id
   HAVING MIN(salary)>(
   	SELECT  MIN(salary)
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE department_id = 50
   );
  

非法使用标量子查询

	SELECT MIN(salary),department_id
	FROM employees
	GROUP BY department_id
	HAVING MIN(salary)>(
		SELECT  salary
		FROM employees
		WHERE department_id = 250
	);

2.列子查询（多行子查询）★

• 案例1：返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名

   ①查询location_id是1400或1700的部门编号
   SELECT DISTINCT department_id
   FROM departments
   WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
   
   ②查询员工姓名，要求部门号是①列表中的某一个
   
   SELECT last_name
   FROM employees
   WHERE department_id  <>ALL(
   	SELECT DISTINCT department_id
   	FROM departments
   	WHERE location_id IN(1400,1700)
   );
  

• 案例2：返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

   ①查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
   
   SELECT DISTINCT salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
   
   ②查询员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary，salary<(①)的任意一个
   SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary<ANY(
   	SELECT DISTINCT salary
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
   ) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
   
   或
   SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary<(
   	SELECT MAX(salary)
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
   
   ) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
  

• 案例3：返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工 的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary

   SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary<ALL(
   	SELECT DISTINCT salary
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
   
   ) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
   
   #或
   
   SELECT last_name,employee_id,job_id,salary
   FROM employees
   WHERE salary<(
   	SELECT MIN( salary)
   	FROM employees
   	WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG'
   
   ) AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
  

3、行子查询（结果集一行多列或多行多列）

• 案例：查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息

   SELECT * 
   FROM employees
   WHERE (employee_id,salary)=(
   	SELECT MIN(employee_id),MAX(salary)
   	FROM employees
   );
   
   ①查询最小的员工编号
   SELECT MIN(employee_id)
   FROM employees
   
   ②查询最高工资
   SELECT MAX(salary)
   FROM employees
   
   ③查询员工信息
   SELECT *
   FROM employees
   WHERE employee_id=(
   	SELECT MIN(employee_id)
   	FROM employees
   )AND salary=(
   	SELECT MAX(salary)
   	FROM employees
   );
  

二、select后面

仅仅支持标量子查询

• 案例：查询每个部门的员工个数

   SELECT d.*,(
   SELECT COUNT(*)
   FROM employees e
   WHERE e.department_id = d.`department_id`
   ) 个数
   FROM departments d;
  

• 案例2：查询员工号=102的部门名

   SELECT (
   	SELECT department_name,e.department_id
   	FROM departments d
   	INNER JOIN employees e
   	ON d.department_id=e.department_id
   	WHERE e.employee_id=102
   	
   ) 部门名;
  

三、from后面

将子查询结果充当一张表，要求必须起别名

• 案例：查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级

   ①查询每个部门的平均工资
   SELECT AVG(salary),department_id
   FROM employees
   GROUP BY department_id
   
   ②连接①的结果集和job_grades表，筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
   
   SELECT  ag_dep.*,g.`grade_level`
   FROM (
   	SELECT AVG(salary) ag,department_id
   	FROM employees
   	GROUP BY department_id
   ) ag_dep
   INNER JOIN job_grades g
   ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal AND highest_sal;
  

四、exists后面（相关子查询）

语法：
exists(完整的查询语句)
结果：
1或0

SELECT EXISTS(SELECT employee_id FROM employees WHERE salary=300000);

• 案例1：查询有员工的部门名

#in

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE d.`department_id` IN(
	SELECT department_id
	FROM employees
)

#exists

SELECT department_name
FROM departments d
WHERE EXISTS(
	SELECT *
	FROM employees e
	WHERE d.`department_id`=e.`department_id`
);

• 案例2：查询没有女朋友的男神信息

#in

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE bo.id NOT IN(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty
)

#exists

SELECT bo.*
FROM boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS(
	SELECT boyfriend_id
	FROM beauty b
	WHERE bo.`id`=b.`boyfriend_id`
);