目录
深入了解DES加密算法
数据加密标准（DES，Data Encryption Standard）是一种对称加密算法，自1977年成为美国联邦信息处理标准以来，曾广泛应用于保护敏感数据。尽管今天被认为不够安全，但DES仍然是理解加密算法基础的一个重要起点。本文将深入介绍DES算法的工作原理，并展示如何使用Python从头实现DES加密和解密，而不依赖任何第三方加密库。
一、DES算法概述
DES是一种对称块加密算法，使用56位的密钥对64位的数据块进行加密。DES的加密和解密过程都是基于相同的密钥，这意味着加密和解密过程是对称的。
1.1 加密流程
DES的加密过程可以分为以下几个步骤：
-
初始置换（Initial Permutation, IP）: 输入的64位明文数据首先经过初始置换，这一过程将原始数据的比特位重新排列，以增加算法的复杂性。
-
16轮迭代处理: DES的核心是16轮相同的迭代处理，每轮包括：
- 轮密钥生成: 将56位的密钥扩展生成48位的子密钥。
- 分割与置换: 数据被分割为左右两部分，通过复杂的非线性置换和S盒替换进行混淆。
- 交换: 每一轮后，左右两部分交换位置。
-
逆初始置换（Inverse Initial Permutation, IP-1）: 经过16轮处理后的数据再次经过置换，形成最终的64位密文。
1.2 解密流程
DES的解密过程与加密类似，所不同的是轮密钥的使用顺序是反的，从最后一轮密钥开始逆向应用。此外，初始置换和逆初始置换的位置也对调。
二、DES算法的Python实现
下面，我们将一步步实现一个基本的DES加密和解密程序。为了便于理解，代码将以逐步的形式展示。
2.1 初始置换与逆初始置换
初始置换和逆初始置换是通过固定的置换表实现的。我们首先定义这两个置换表：
# 初始置换表
IP = [58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18, 10, 2,
60, 52, 44, 36, 28, 20, 12, 4,
62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22, 14, 6,
64, 56, 48, 40, 32, 24, 16, 8,
57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9, 1,
59, 51, 43, 35, 27, 19, 11, 3,
61, 53, 45, 37, 29, 21, 13, 5,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15, 7]
# 逆初始置换表
IP_INV = [40, 8, 48, 16, 56, 24, 64, 32,
39, 7, 47, 15, 55, 23, 63, 31,
38, 6, 46, 14, 54, 22, 62, 30,
37, 5, 45, 13, 53, 21, 61, 29,
36, 4, 44, 12, 52, 20, 60, 28,
35, 3, 43, 11, 51, 19, 59, 27,
34, 2, 42, 10, 50, 18, 58, 26,
33, 1, 41, 9, 49, 17, 57, 25]
# 应用置换表
def permute(block, table):
return [block[x-1] for x in table]
2.2 轮密钥生成
在每一轮加密中，密钥需要通过移位和选择置换生成子密钥。下面是实现这一过程的代码：
# 密钥置换选择表
PC1 = [57, 49, 41, 33, 25, 17, 9,
1, 58, 50, 42, 34, 26, 18,
10, 2, 59, 51, 43, 35, 27,
19, 11, 3, 60, 52, 44, 36,
63, 55, 47, 39, 31, 23, 15,
7, 62, 54, 46, 38, 30, 22,
14, 6, 61, 53, 45, 37, 29,
21, 13, 5, 28, 20, 12, 4]
# 密钥压缩置换表
PC2 = [14, 17, 11, 24, 1, 5, 3, 28,
15, 6, 21, 10, 23, 19, 12, 4,
26, 8, 16, 7, 27, 20, 13, 2,
41, 52, 31, 37, 47, 55, 30, 40,
51, 45, 33, 48, 44, 49, 39, 56,
34, 53, 46, 42, 50, 36, 29, 32]
# 每轮移位次数
SHIFT = [1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1]
# 将密钥分成左右两部分
def split_key(key):
return key[:28], key[28:]
# 左移操作
def left_shift(key, shifts):
return key[shifts:] + key[:shifts]
# 生成16个子密钥
def generate_keys(key):
keys = []
key = permute(key, PC1)
left, right = split_key(key)
for shift in SHIFT:
left = left_shift(left, shift)
right = left_shift(right, shift)
combined = left + right
keys.append(permute(combined, PC2))
return keys
2.3 S盒替换
S盒是DES中的非线性替换部分，用于将48位的输入变换为32位的输出。我们可以定义8个S盒：
# S盒
S_BOXES = [
[
[14, 4, 13, 1, 2, 15, 11, 8, 3, 10, 6, 12, 5, 9, 0, 7],
[0, 15, 7, 4, 14, 2, 13, 1, 10, 6, 12, 11, 9, 5, 3, 8],
[4, 1, 14, 8, 13, 6, 2, 11, 15, 12, 9, 7, 3, 10, 5, 0],
[15, 12, 8, 2, 4, 9, 1, 7, 5, 11, 3, 14, 10, 0, 6, 13],
],
[
[15, 1, 8, 14, 6, 11, 3, 4, 9, 7, 2, 13, 12, 0, 5, 10],
[3, 13, 4, 7, 15, 2, 8, 14, 12, 0, 1, 10, 6, 9, 11, 5],
[0, 14, 7, 11, 10, 4, 13, 1, 5, 8, 12, 6, 9, 3, 2, 15],
[13, 8, 10, 1, 3, 15, 4, 2, 11, 6, 7, 12, 0, 5, 14, 9],
],
[
[10, 0, 9, 14, 6, 3, 15, 5, 1, 13, 12, 7, 11, 4, 2, 8],
[13, 7, 0, 9, 3, 4, 6, 10, 2, 8, 5, 14, 12, 11, 15, 1],
[13, 6, 4, 9, 8, 15, 3, 0, 11, 1, 2, 12, 5, 10, 14, 7],
[1, 10, 13, 0, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 15, 14, 3, 11, 5, 2, 12],
],
[
[7, 13, 14, 3, 0, 6, 9, 10, 1, 2, 8, 5, 11, 12, 4, 15],
[13, 8, 11, 5, 6, 15, 0, 3, 4, 7, 2, 12, 1, 10, 14, 9],
[10, 6, 9, 0, 12, 11, 7, 13, 15, 1, 3, 14, 5, 2, 8, 4],
[3, 15, 0, 6, 10, 1, 13, 8, 9, 4, 5, 11, 12, 7, 2, 14],
],
[
[2, 12, 4, 1, 7, 10, 11, 6, 8, 5, 3, 15, 13, 0, 14, 9],
[14, 11, 2, 12, 4, 7, 13, 1, 5, 0, 15, 10, 3, 9, 8, 6],
[4, 2, 1, 11, 10, 13, 7, 8, 15, 9, 12, 5, 6, 3, 0, 14],
[11, 8, 12, 7, 1, 14, 2, 13, 6, 15, 0, 9, 10, 4, 5, 3],
],
[
[12, 1, 10, 15, 9, 2, 6, 8, 0, 13, 3, 4, 14, 7, 5, 11],
[10, 15, 4, 2, 7, 12, 9, 5, 6, 1, 13, 14, 0, 11, 3, 8],
[9, 14, 15, 5, 2, 8, 12, 3, 7, 0, 4, 10, 1, 13, 11, 6],
[4, 3, 2, 12, 9, 5, 15, 10, 11, 14, 1, 7, 6, 0, 8, 13],
],
[
[4, 11, 2, 14, 15, 0, 8, 13, 3, 12, 9, 7, 5, 10, 6, 1],
[13, 0, 11, 7, 4, 9, 1, 10, 14, 3, 5, 12, 2, 15, 8, 6],
[1, 4, 11, 13, 12, 3, 7, 14, 10, 15, 6, 8, 0, 5, 9, 2],
[6, 11, 13, 8, 1, 4, 10, 7, 9, 5, 0, 15, 14, 2, 3, 12],
],
[
[13, 2, 8, 4, 6, 15, 11, 1, 10, 9, 3, 14, 5, 0, 12, 7],
[1, 15, 13, 8, 10, 3, 7, 4, 12, 5, 6, 11, 0, 14, 9, 2],
[7, 11, 4, 1, 9, 12, 14, 2, 0, 6, 10, 13, 15, 3, 5, 8],
[2, 1, 14, 7, 4, 10, 8, 13, 15, 12, 9, 0, 3, 5, 6, 11],
],
]
# S盒替换
def s_box_substitution(block):
output = []
for i in range(8):
segment = block[i*6:(i+1)*6]
row = (segment[0] << 1) + segment[5]
col = (segment[1] << 3) + (segment[2] << 2) + (segment[3] << 1) + segment[4]
output.extend(bin(S_BOXES[i][row][col])[2:].zfill(4))
return output
2.4 DES加密与解密
使用上面定义的函数，我们可以实现完整的DES加密和解密流程：
# 扩展置换表
E = [32, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
8, 9, 10,
11, 12, 13,
12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,
16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21,
20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25,
24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29,
28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 1]
# P置换表
P = [16, 7, 20, 21, 29, 12, 28, 17,
1, 15, 23, 26, 5, 18, 31, 10,
2, 8, 24, 14, 32, 27, 3, 9,
19, 13, 30, 6, 22, 11, 4, 25]
# F函数
def f_function(right, subkey):
expanded_right = permute(right, E)
xor_result = [x ^ y for x, y in zip(expanded_right, subkey)]
substituted = s_box_substitution(xor_result)
return permute(substituted, P)
# DES加密
def des_encrypt(plaintext, keys):
block = permute(plaintext, IP)
left, right = block[:32], block[32:]
for key in keys:
temp_right = right
right = [int(x) ^ int(y) for x, y in zip(left, f_function(right, key))]
left = temp_right
combined = right + left # 注意此处左右交换
return permute(combined, IP_INV)
# DES解密
def des_decrypt(ciphertext, keys):
return des_encrypt(ciphertext, keys[::-1])
2.5 使用示例
if __name__ == "__main__":
# 示例密钥和明文
key = [0] * 64 # 示例密钥
plaintext = [0] * 64 # 示例明文
# 生成子密钥
keys = generate_keys(key)
# 加密
ciphertext = des_encrypt(plaintext, keys)
print("Ciphertext:", ciphertext)
# 解密
decrypted = des_decrypt(ciphertext, keys)
print("Decrypted:", decrypted)
# 检查解密是否与原始明文一致
assert decrypted == plaintext
三、总结
DES作为一种经典的对称加密算法，虽然已被更安全的算法（如AES）所取代，但其核心思想仍然对现代加密技术有着重要影响。通过Python从零实现DES算法，我们不仅更好地理解了其工作原理，也为日后学习更复杂的加密算法打下了坚实的基础。
通过这种动手实践的方式，你可以更深刻地理解加密算法背后的数学逻辑和实现细节。如果你希望进一步探索加密领域，建议尝试实现其他加密算法，或研究DES的变体，如3DES。
扫一扫
449
被折叠的 条评论
为什么被折叠?
到【灌水乐园】发言
