文件
- 长久保存信息的一种数据信息集合
- 常用操作
- 打开关闭(文件一旦打开,需要关闭操作)
- 读写操作
- 查找
open函数
- open函数负责打开文件,带有很多参数
- 第一个参数:必须有,文件的路径和名称
- mode:表明文件用什么方式打开
- r:只读的方式
- w:写方式打开,会覆盖以前的内容
- x:创建方式打开,如文件已经存在,就会报错
- a:append方式,以追加的方式对文件内容进行写入
- b:binary方式,二进制方式写入
- t:文本方式打开
- +:可读写
f = open(r"22.txt", 'w')
f.close()
with语句
- with语句使用的技术是一种成为上下文管理协议的技术(ContextMangementProtocal)
- 自动判断文件的作用域,自动关闭不在使用的打开的文件句柄
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
pass
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
strline = f.readline()
while strline:
print(strline)
strline = f.readline()
1
2
3
4
5
6
76
8
89
900
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
l = list(f)
for line in l:
print(line)
1
2
3
4
5
6
76
8
89
900
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
strChar = f.read()
print(strChar)
strChar = f.read(2)
print(strChar)
1
2
3
4
5
6
76
8
89
900
seek (offset, from)
- offset:偏移距离
- 移动文件的读取位置,也叫读取指针
- from的取值范围:
- 0:从文件头开始偏移
- 1:从文件当前位置开始偏移
- 2:从文件末尾开始偏移
- 移动大单位是字节(byte)
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
f.seek(4,0)
strChar = f.read()
print(strChar)
3
4
5
6
7
8
8
9
with open(r"11.txt", 'r') as f:
strChar = f.read(3)
pos = f.tell()
while strChar:
print(pos)
print(strChar)
strChar = f.read(3)
pos = f.tell()
6
就开始
12
对方即
18
加法四
24
大皆空
30
的看
36
法那几
42
款
打
48
开九分
54
裤
看
56
文件的写操作- write
- write(str):把字符串写入文件
- writeline(str):把字符串按行写入文件
- 区别:
- write函数只能是字符串
- writelines可以是字符串,也可以是字符序列,表示写入很多行,参数可以是list格式
with open(r"11.txt", 'a') as f:
f.write("生活不止眼前的苟且,\n还有诗和远方的田野")
with open(r"11.txt", 'a') as f:
f.writelines("生活不止眼前的苟且,")
f.writelines("还有诗和远方的田野")
l = ["i", "love", "you"]
with open(r"11.txt", 'w') as f:
f.writelines(l)
序列化- pickle
- 序列化(持久化,落地):把程序运行中的信息保存在磁盘上。比如游戏运行是的存盘等应用。
- 反序列化:序列号的逆过程
- pickle:python提供的序列化
- pickle.dump:序列化
- pickle.load:反序列化
import pickle
age = 18
with open(r"11.txt", 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(age, f)
import pickle
age = 18
with open(r"11.txt", 'rb') as f:
age = pickle.load(f)
print(age)
18
import pickle
a = [18, " zhangjiakou", "hagongda", [180, 160]]
with open(r"11.txt", 'wb') as f:
pickle.dump(a, f)
import pickle
with open(r"11.txt", 'rb') as f:
a = pickle.load(f)
print(a)
[18, ' zhangjiakou', 'hagongda', [180, 160]]
持久化-shelve
- 持久化工具
- 类似字典,用kv对保存数据,存取方式跟字典类似
- open,close
import shelve
sh = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
sh['one'] = 1
sh['second'] = 2
sh['three'] = 3
sh.close()
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
print(shv['one'])
print(shv['second'])
shv.close()
1
2
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
print(shv['one'])
print(shv['seconddddd'])
except Exception as e:
pass
finally:
shv.close()
1
shelve特性
- 不支持多个应用并行写入
-为了解决问题,open的时候可以使用flag =r - 写回问题
- shelve 默认情况下不会对持久化对象进行任何修改
- 解决办法:强制写回:writeback = True
import shelve
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db', flag='r')
try:
k1 = shv['one']
print(shv['one'])
except Exception as e:
pass
finally:
shv.close()
1
import shelve
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
shv['one'] = {"wee":1, "rvf":2, "onjuj":3}
except Exception as e:
pass
finally:
shv.close()
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
one = shv['one']
print(one)
except Exception as e:
pass
finally:
shv.close()
{'wee': 1, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
k1 = shv['one']
print(k1)
k1['wee'] = 100
finally:
shv.close()
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
one = shv['one']
print(one)
finally:
shv.close()
{'wee': 1, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
{'wee': 1, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db', writeback = True)
try:
k1 = shv['one']
print(k1)
k1['wee'] = 100
finally:
shv.close()
shv = shelve.open(r'shv.db')
try:
one = shv['one']
print(one)
finally:
shv.close()
{'wee': 1, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
{'wee': 100, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
with shelve.open(r'shv.db', writeback = True) as shv:
k1 = shv['one']
print(k1)
k1['wee'] = 1000
with shelve.open(r'shv.db') as shv:
print(shv['one'])
{'wee': 100, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}
{'wee': 1000, 'rvf': 2, 'onjuj': 3}