实例方法(普通方法),类方法与静态方法
方法: 函数
属性: 变量名
class Date(object):
def __init__(self, year, month, day):
self.year = year
self.month = month
self.day = day
# 实例方法
# echo普通方法, 默认情况下会传递对象给echo
def echo(self):
return "%s %s %s" %(self.year, self.month, self.day)
# 类方法:classmethod
# 默认传递类本身给这个方法;
@classmethod
def as_string(cls, s):
print(cls)
month, day, year = s.split('/')
d = cls(year, month, day)
return d
# 静态方法:staticmethod
# 默认python解释器不会传递任何参数
@staticmethod
def is_vaild(s):
# 批量将年月日转换成整形(列表生成式, map)
# month, day, year = s.split('/')
# month, day, year = [int(i) for i in s.split('/')]
month, day, year = map(int, s.split('/'))
return 0 < month <= 12 and 0 < day <= 31 and 1 < year < 9999
d = Date(2018, 10, 10)
d.echo()
s = '10/10/2018'
print(Date.as_string(s).echo())
s = '10/10/2018'
print(Date.is_vaild(s))
d = Date(2018, 10, 10)
print(d.is_vaild('13/10/2019'))
from datetime import date
# 类方法的官方使用案例: from datetime import date
@classmethod
def fromtimestamp(cls, t):
"Construct a date from a POSIX timestamp (like time.time())."
y, m, d, hh, mm, ss, weekday, jday, dst = _time.localtime(t)
return cls(y, m, d)
@classmethod
def today(cls):
"Construct a date from time.time()."
t = _time.time()
return cls.fromtimestamp(t)
with语句
上下文管理协议
1). 当with语句开始运行的时候,执行什么方法;
2). 当with语句执行结束之后出发某个方法的运行;
class MyOpen(object):
def __init__(self, filename, mode='r'):
self._name = filename
self._mode = mode
# 当with语句开始运行的时候,执行什么方法;
def __enter__(self):
self.f = open(self._name, self._mode)
return self.f
# 当with语句执行结束之后出发某个方法的运行;
def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
self.f.close()
@property
def name(self):
return self._name
@property
def mode(self):
return self._mode
with MyOpen('/etc/passwd') as f:
print(f.closed)
print(f.read(5))
print(f.closed)
反射机制
反射: 让对象告诉我们相关信息(对象拥有的属性和方法, 对象所属的类等….)
1). 如果知道对象拥有的属性和方法.
print(dir(str))
f = open('/tmp/passwd')
print(dir(f))
2). 判断对象所属的类
print(type('hello'))
class Student(object):
"""
这是student类的帮助文档
"""
def __init__(self, name, age):
self.name = name
self.__age = age
def get_score(self):
return "score"
def get_grade(self):
return 'grade'
s1 = Student("fentiao", 10)
print(type(s1))
print(isinstance(s1, Student))
print(isinstance('hello', Student))
3). 跟据对象可以获取的内容
print(s1.__class__)
print(s1.__dict__)
print(s1.__doc__)
4). hasattr, getattr, setattr, delattr
# hasattr: 判断对象是否包含对应的属性或者方法名;
print(hasattr(s1, 'name'))
print(hasattr(s1, '__age')) # 私有属性, 私有方法, 是不能判断的;
print(hasattr(s1, 'score'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'get_score'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))
# getattr: 用于返回对象的属性值或者方法名对应的方法体;
print(getattr(s1, 'name'))
print(getattr(s1, '__age', 'no attr'))
print(getattr(s1, 'get_score', 'no method')) # 获取方法名, 如果要执行方法, 直接调用即可
print(getattr(s1, 'set_score', 'no method')) # 获取方法名, 如果要执行方法, 直接调用即可
# setattr:
# 修改某个属性的值
setattr(s1, 'name', 'westos')
print(getattr(s1, 'name'))
# 添加某个属性及对应的值;
setattr(s1, 'score', 100)
print(getattr(s1, 'score'))
# 修改方法
def get_score1():
return "这是修改的方法内容"
setattr(s1, 'get_score', get_score1)
print(getattr(s1, 'get_score')())
def set_score():
return "这是添加的方法"
# 添加方法
setattr(s1, 'set_score', set_score)
print(getattr(s1, 'set_score')())
# delattr
delattr(s1, 'name')
print(hasattr(s1, 'name'))
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))
delattr(s1, 'set_score')
print(hasattr(s1, 'set_score'))
反射机制的应用场景-动态方法调用
class Web(object):
def newarticles(self):
return "<h1>newarticles</h1>"
def watchers(self):
return "<h1>watchers</h1>"
def news(self):
return "<h1>news</h1>"
def ai(self):
return "<h1>ai</h1>"
flask = Web()
def run():
url = input("url:").split('/')[-1]
# if url == 'news':
# return flask.news()
# elif url == 'ai':
# return flask.ai()
# else:
# return "<h1>404</h1>"
if hasattr(flask, url): # ai
return getattr(flask, url)()
else:
return "<h1>404</h1>"
if __name__ == "__main__":
while True:
print(run())