java面试之java基础=》面试完美回答hashcode和equals

java面试之java基础=》面试完美回答hashcode和equals

前言

小伙伴们面试java时，经常会被问答hashcode和equals的问题，但是平时工作中要么快捷重写，要么干脆不用，那突然被问到这个问题难免有些懵逼，本人之前只会回答hashcode计算hash值，equals重写后比较对象值，就没了，面试这样回答难免有些尴尬，莫急，咱们来细细了解！

一、面试常问问题

1. 说说hashcode和equals的关系？
2. 为什么要重写hashcode和equals？
3. 如果不重写hashcode和equals会出现什么问题？
4. 什么情况下需要重写hashcode和equals？

二、如何回答

1、概括说明

1. 首先要搞明白equals和hashcode是干神马的？
   废话不多说，先看object类的源码，从源码我们可以知道，hashcode是为了获取一个对象的哈希码或者叫散列码，而equals是用于非空对象与另一个对象比较是否相同，等价于“==”

    /**
     * Returns a hash code value for the object. This method is
     * supported for the benefit of hash tables such as those provided by
     * {@link java.util.HashMap}.
     * <p>
     * The general contract of {@code hashCode} is:
     * <ul>
     * <li>Whenever it is invoked on the same object more than once during
     *     an execution of a Java application, the {@code hashCode} method
     *     must consistently return the same integer, provided no information
     *     used in {@code equals} comparisons on the object is modified.
     *     This integer need not remain consistent from one execution of an
     *     application to another execution of the same application.
     * <li>If two objects are equal according to the {@code equals(Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of
     *     the two objects must produce the same integer result.
     * <li>It is <em>not</em> required that if two objects are unequal
     *     according to the {@link java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)}
     *     method, then calling the {@code hashCode} method on each of the
     *     two objects must produce distinct integer results.  However, the
     *     programmer should be aware that producing distinct integer results
     *     for unequal objects may improve the performance of hash tables.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * As much as is reasonably practical, the hashCode method defined by
     * class {@code Object} does return distinct integers for distinct
     * objects. (This is typically implemented by converting the internal
     * address of the object into an integer, but this implementation
     * technique is not required by the
     * Java&trade; programming language.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     * @see     java.lang.Object#equals(java.lang.Object)
     * @see     java.lang.System#identityHashCode
     */
    public native int hashCode();

    /**
     * Indicates whether some other object is "equal to" this one.
     * <p>
     * The {@code equals} method implements an equivalence relation
     * on non-null object references:
     * <ul>
     * <li>It is <i>reflexive</i>: for any non-null reference value
     *     {@code x}, {@code x.equals(x)} should return
     *     {@code true}.
     * <li>It is <i>symmetric</i>: for any non-null reference values
     *     {@code x} and {@code y}, {@code x.equals(y)}
     *     should return {@code true} if and only if
     *     {@code y.equals(x)} returns {@code true}.
     * <li>It is <i>transitive</i>: for any non-null reference values
     *     {@code x}, {@code y}, and {@code z}, if
     *     {@code x.equals(y)} returns {@code true} and
     *     {@code y.equals(z)} returns {@code true}, then
     *     {@code x.equals(z)} should return {@code true}.
     * <li>It is <i>consistent</i>: for any non-null reference values
     *     {@code x} and {@code y}, multiple invocations of
     *     {@code x.equals(y)} consistently return {@code true}
     *     or consistently return {@code false}, provided no
     *     information used in {@code equals} comparisons on the
     *     objects is modified.
     * <li>For any non-null reference value {@code x},
     *     {@code x.equals(null)} should return {@code false}.
     * </ul>
     * <p>
     * The {@code equals} method for class {@code Object} implements
     * the most discriminating possible equivalence relation on objects;
     * that is, for any non-null reference values {@code x} and
     * {@code y}, this method returns {@code true} if and only
     * if {@code x} and {@code y} refer to the same object
     * ({@code x == y} has the value {@code true}).
     * <p>
     * Note that it is generally necessary to override the {@code hashCode}
     * method whenever this method is overridden, so as to maintain the
     * general contract for the {@code hashCode} method, which states
     * that equal objects must have equal hash codes.
     *
     * @param   obj   the reference object with which to compare.
     * @return  {@code true} if this object is the same as the obj
     *          argument; {@code false} otherwise.
     * @see     #hashCode()
     * @see     java.util.HashMap
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        return (this == obj);
    }

2. 如果没重写会是什么景象呢？
   我们都知道，栈中存的只是对象的引用地址，而如果不重写equals，则对象比较的是引用地址，同样hashcode返回的hash值也是引用地址的hash值。
3. 什么时候需要重写？
   当我们需要做什么的时候去重写这两个方法，如果某个类只是单纯的比较变量大小，而不会使用在散列表数据结构中，我们就可以不用重写hashcode，仅仅需要重写equals就可以了

面试回答

1. 重写后equal()相等的两个对象他们的hashCode()肯定相等，也就是用equal()对比是绝对可靠的。
2. 重写后hashCode()相等的两个对象他们的equal()不一定相等，也就是hashCode()不是绝对可靠的。
3. 当我们需要对java进行比较大小时，为了能够满足我们需要比较值大小的需求，需要重写equals
4. java对hashcode的规定是hash值不相等的两个值一定不相等，不相等的两个值hash值可能相等
5. 所以当我们需要使用散列表的数据结构，例如：hashMap、hashSet等，来操作我们的对象时需要重写hashcode，这样的目的是为了减少equals的操作，当对象插入时，只需要先比较hashcode，如果发现hashcode不一致，则可认为，值不相等

常用类对于hashcode和equals的重写

1. String类
   简要说明选择31的原因：
   第一、31是一个不大不小的质数，是作为 hashCode 乘子的优选质数之一。另外一些相近的质数，比如37、41、43等等，也都是不错的选择。那么为啥偏偏选中了31呢？请看第二个原因。
   第二、31可以被 JVM 优化，

    /** The value is used for character storage. */
    private final char value[];

    /** Cache the hash code for the string */
    private int hash; // Default to 0
    /**
     * Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a
     * {@code String} object is computed as
     * <blockquote><pre>
     * s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
     * </pre></blockquote>
     * using {@code int} arithmetic, where {@code s[i]} is the
     * <i>i</i>th character of the string, {@code n} is the length of
     * the string, and {@code ^} indicates exponentiation.
     * (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
     *
     * @return  a hash code value for this object.
     */
    public int hashCode() {
        int h = hash;
        if (h == 0 && value.length > 0) {
            char val[] = value;

            for (int i = 0; i < value.length; i++) {
                h = 31 * h + val[i];
            }
            hash = h;
        }
        return h;
    }
        /**
     * Compares this string to the specified object.  The result is {@code
     * true} if and only if the argument is not {@code null} and is a {@code
     * String} object that represents the same sequence of characters as this
     * object.
     *
     * @param  anObject
     *         The object to compare this {@code String} against
     *
     * @return  {@code true} if the given object represents a {@code String}
     *          equivalent to this string, {@code false} otherwise
     *
     * @see  #compareTo(String)
     * @see  #equalsIgnoreCase(String)
     */
    public boolean equals(Object anObject) {
        if (this == anObject) {
            return true;
        }
        if (anObject instanceof String) {
            String anotherString = (String)anObject;
            int n = value.length;
            if (n == anotherString.value.length) {
                char v1[] = value;
                char v2[] = anotherString.value;
                int i = 0;
                while (n-- != 0) {
                    if (v1[i] != v2[i])
                        return false;
                    i++;
                }
                return true;
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

3. Integer类

    /**
     * Returns a hash code for a {@code int} value; compatible with
     * {@code Integer.hashCode()}.
     *
     * @param value the value to hash
     * @since 1.8
     *
     * @return a hash code value for a {@code int} value.
     */
    public static int hashCode(int value) {
        return value;
    }

    /**
     * Compares this object to the specified object.  The result is
     * {@code true} if and only if the argument is not
     * {@code null} and is an {@code Integer} object that
     * contains the same {@code int} value as this object.
     *
     * @param   obj   the object to compare with.
     * @return  {@code true} if the objects are the same;
     *          {@code false} otherwise.
     */
    public boolean equals(Object obj) {
        if (obj instanceof Integer) {
            return value == ((Integer)obj).intValue();
        }
        return false;
    }