LINUX---网络配置

linux下的网络配置

##1.什么是IP ADDRESS##
internet protocol ADDRESS ##网络进程地址

ipv4===internet protocol version 4

2*32
ip是由32个01组成
11111110.11111110.11111110.11111110 = 254.254.254.254

##2.子网掩码##
用来划分网络区域
子网掩码非0的位对应的ip上的数字表示这个ip的网络位
子网掩码0位对应的数字是ip的主机位
网络位表示网络区域
主即位表示网络区域里的某台主机

##3.ip通信判定##
网络位一致，主即位不一致的2个IP可以直接通讯
172.25.254.1/24 24=255.255.255.0
172.25.254.2/24
172.25.0.1/16

##4.网络设定工具##
ping ##查看网络是否畅通

ifconfig ##查看或设定网络接口

ifconfig device ip/24 ##设定
ifconfig device down ##关闭

ifconfig device up ##开机

ip addr ##检测或设定网络接口

ip addr show ##检测

ip addr add ip/24 dev device ##设定

“注意：device的名字一个物理事实，看到什么名字只能用什么名字“

##5.图形方式设定ip##
1.nm-connection-editor







systemctl stop NetworkManager
systemctl restart network
systemctl start NetworkManager

   2.nmtui

##6.命令方式设定网络##
nmcli ##NetworkManager必须开启
        nmcli device connect eth0 ##启用eth0网卡

nmcli device disconnect eth0 ##关闭eth0网卡

nmcli device show eth0 ##查看网卡信息

nmcli device status eth0 #查看网卡服务接口信息

nmcli connection show
nmcli connection down westos
nmcli connection up westos
nmcli connection delete westos
nmcli connection add type ehernet con-name westos ifname eth0 ip4172.25.254.100/24
nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.method auto
nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.method manual
nmcli connection modify westos ipv4.addresses 172.25.254.200/24

##7.管理网络配置文件##
网络配置目录
/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
网络配置文件的命名规则
ifcfg-xxxx
DEVICE=xxx ##设备名称
BOOTPROTO=dhcp|static|none ##设备工作方式
ONBOOT=yes ##网络服务开启时自动激活网卡
IPADDR= ##IP地址
PREFIX=24 ##子网掩码
NETMASK=255.255.255.0 ##子网掩码
NAME= ##接口名称

示例：
静态网络设定文件
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DEVICE=eth0
ONBOOT=yes
IPADDR=172.25.254.156
NETMASK=255.255.255.0
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=westos

systemctl restart network

一块网卡上配置多个IP
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
DIVICE=eth0
IPADDR0=172.25.254.156
PREFIX0=24
BOOTPROTO=none
NAME=westos
IPADDR1=172.25.0.156
PREFIX1=24

systemctl restart network
ip addr show eth0

##8.lo回环接口##

回环接口—-人的神经—-127.0.0.1—-localhost

##9.网关##
1.把真实主机变成路由器
systemctl stop libvirtd
systemctl restart firewalld
systemctl start libvirtd

firewall-cmd –list
firewall-cmd –permanent –add-masquerade
firewall-cmd –reload
firewall-cmd –list-all
public (default, active)
interfaces: br0 enp0s25
sources:
services: dhcpv6-client http ssh
ports:
masquerade: yes <<<地址伪装功能开启，真实主机变成路由器
forward-ports:
icmp-blocks:
rich rules:

2.设定虚拟机网关



vim /etc/sysconfig/network ##全局网关，针对所有没有设定网关的网卡生效
GATEWAY=172.25.254.56
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
GATEWAY0=172.25.254.56 ##当网卡中设定的IP有多个时，指定对于那个IP生效
GATEWAY=172.25.254.56 ##当网卡中设定的IP只有一个时
route -n ##查看网关
##10.dns##
domain name server == 域名解析服务
vim /etc/hosts ##本地解析文件
ip 域名
如：220.181.111.188 www.baidu.com


vim /etc/resolv.conf ##dns的指向文件
nameserver 114.114.114.114 ##当需要某个域名的IP地址时去问114.114.114.114


vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-xxxx
DNS1=114.114.114.114


注意：
当网络工作模式位dhcp时
系统会自动获得ip 网关 dns
那么/etc/resolv.conf会被获得到的信息修改
如果不需要获得dns信息
在网卡配置文件中加入
PREEDNS=no

##11.设定解析的优先级##
系统默认：优先级 /etc/hosts > /etc/resolv.conf
vim /etc/nsswitch.conf
39 hosts: file dns ##/etc/hosts优先


vim /etc/nsswitch.conf
39 hosts: dns files ##/etc/resolv.conf dns指向优先

##12.dhcp服务配置##
vim /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0
systemctl restart network
vim /etc/yum.repos.d/rhel_dvd.repo
yum clean all
yum repolist
yum install dhcp -y
cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp*/dhcpd.conf.example /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf







##dhcpd.conf
2 #
3 # Sample configuration file for ISC dhcpd
4 #
5
6 # option definitions common to all supported networks…
7 option domain-name “westos.com”; ##域名
8 option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114; ##dns
9
10 default-lease-time 600; ##默认租约
11 max-lease-time 7200; ##最长租约
12
13 # Use this to enble / disable dynamic dns updates globally.
14 #ddns-update-style none;
15
16 # If this DHCP server is the official DHCP server for the local
17 # network, the authoritative directive should be uncommented.
18 #authoritative;
19
20 # Use this to send dhcp log messages to a different log file (you also
21 # have to hack syslog.conf to complete the redirection).
22 log-facility local7;
23
24 # No service will be given on this subnet, but declaring it helps the
25 # DHCP server to understand the network topology.
26
27 删除
28 删除
28 # This is a very basic subnet declaration.
29
30 subnet 172.25.254.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 { ##子网设定
31 range 172.25.254.160 172.25.254.200; ##IP地址池
32 option routers 172.25.254.56; ##网关
33 }

35行后面全删除

systemctl restart dhcpd
systemctl stop firewalld

测试：
在网络工作模式是dhcp的主机中重启网络
可以看到
ip
GW
dns
全部获取成功