爬虫基本原理（一）-CSDN博客

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42760807/article/details/83592465

什么是爬虫

请求网站并提取数据的自动化程序

爬虫基本流程

发起请求
通过HTTP库向目标站点发起请求，即发送一个Request，请求可以包含额外的headers等信息，等待服务器的响应。
获取响应内容
如果服务器正常响应，会得到一个Response，Response的内容便是所要获取的页面内容，类型可能有HTML、JSON、二进制文件（如图片、视频等类型）。
解析内容
得到的内容可能是HTML，可以用正则表达式、网页解析库进行解析。可能是JSON，可以直接转成JOSN对象进行解析，可能是二进制数据，可以保存或者进一步处理
保存内容
保存形式多样，可以保存成文本，也可以保存至数据库，或者保存成特定格式的文件。

request和response

浏览器发送消息给该网址的服务器，这个过程叫HTTP Request
服务器收到浏览器发送的消息后，能够根据浏览器发送消息的内容做相应处理，在把消息回传给浏览器，这个过程叫HTTP Response
浏览器收到Response后，对信息进行相应处理，然后展示

request中包含什么？

请求方式
主要是GET、POST两种类型，另外还有HEAD、PUT、DELETE、OPTIONS等。(get可以直接请求url，post要表单，比如登录窗口，再请求）
请求URL
URL全称是统一资源定位符，如一个网页文档、一张图片、一个视频等都可以用URL来唯一来确定
请求头
包含请求时的头部信息，如User-Agent、Host、Cookies等信息
请求体
请求时额外携带的数据，如表单提交时的表单数据

Response包含什么？

响应状态
有多种响应状态，如200代表成功，301代表跳转，404代表找不到页面，502代表服务器错误等
响应头
如内容类型、内容长度、服务器信息、设置cookies等等
响应体
最主要的部分，包含了请求资源的内容，如网页HTML、图片二进制数据等。

input

import requests
response=requests.get("http://www.baidu.com")#向百度服务器发送请求
print(response.text)#响应体（网页源代码）
print(response.headers)#响应头（字典形式）
print(response.status_code)#状态码

output

<!DOCTYPE html>
<!--STATUS OK--><html> <head><meta http-equiv=content-type content=text/html;charset=utf-8><meta http-equiv=X-UA-Compatible content=IE=Edge><meta content=always name=referrer><link rel=stylesheet type=text/css href=http://s1.bdstatic.com/r/www/cache/bdorz/baidu.min.css><title>ç™¾åº¦ä¸€ä¸‹ï¼Œä½ å°±çŸ¥é“</title></head> <body link=#0000cc> <div id=wrapper> <div id=head> <div class=head_wrapper> <div class=s_form> <div class=s_form_wrapper> <div id=lg> <img hidefocus=true src=//www.baidu.com/img/bd_logo1.png width=270 height=129> </div> <form id=form name=f action=//www.baidu.com/s class=fm> <input type=hidden name=bdorz_come value=1> <input type=hidden name=ie value=utf-8> <input type=hidden name=f value=8> <input type=hidden name=rsv_bp value=1> <input type=hidden name=rsv_idx value=1> <input type=hidden name=tn value=baidu><span class="bg s_ipt_wr"><input id=kw name=wd class=s_ipt value maxlength=255 autocomplete=off autofocus></span><span class="bg s_btn_wr"><input type=submit id=su value=ç™¾åº¦ä¸€ä¸‹ class="bg s_btn"></span> </form> </div> </div> <div id=u1> <a href=http://news.baidu.com name=tj_trnews class=mnav>æ–°é—»</a> <a href=http://www.hao123.com name=tj_trhao123 class=mnav>hao123</a> <a href=http://map.baidu.com name=tj_trmap class=mnav>åœ°å›¾</a> <a href=http://v.baidu.com name=tj_trvideo class=mnav>è§†é¢‘</a> <a href=http://tieba.baidu.com name=tj_trtieba class=mnav>è´´å§</a> <noscript> <a href=http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&amp;tpl=mn&amp;u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baidu.com%2f%3fbdorz_come%3d1 name=tj_login class=lb>ç™»å½•</a> </noscript> <script>document.write('<a href="http://www.baidu.com/bdorz/login.gif?login&tpl=mn&u='+ encodeURIComponent(window.location.href+ (window.location.search === "" ? "?" : "&")+ "bdorz_come=1")+ '" name="tj_login" class="lb">ç™»å½•</a>');</script> <a href=//www.baidu.com/more/ name=tj_briicon class=bri style="display: block;">æ›´å¤šäº§å“</a> </div> </div> </div> <div id=ftCon> <div id=ftConw> <p id=lh> <a href=http://home.baidu.com>å
³äºŽç™¾åº¦</a> <a href=http://ir.baidu.com>About Baidu</a> </p> <p id=cp>&copy;2017&nbsp;Baidu&nbsp;<a href=http://www.baidu.com/duty/>ä½¿ç”¨ç™¾åº¦å‰å¿
è¯»</a>&nbsp; <a href=http://jianyi.baidu.com/ class=cp-feedback>æ„è§åé¦ˆ</a>&nbsp;äº¬ICPè¯030173å·&nbsp; <img src=//www.baidu.com/img/gs.gif> </p> </div> </div> </div> </body>
</html>

{'Pragma': 'no-cache', 'Server': 'bfe/1.0.8.18', 'Cache-Control': 'private, no-cache, no-store, proxy-revalidate, no-transform', 'Content-Encoding': 'gzip', 'Set-Cookie': 'BDORZ=27315; max-age=86400; domain=.baidu.com; path=/', 'Last-Modified': 'Mon, 23 Jan 2017 13:27:36 GMT', 'Date': 'Wed, 31 Oct 2018 15:52:04 GMT', 'Content-Type': 'text/html', 'Connection': 'Keep-Alive', 'Transfer-Encoding': 'chunked'}

200

能抓到怎样的数据？

网页文本
如HTML文档、JSON格式文本等
图片文件
获取的是二进制文件，保存为图片格式

input

import requests
response=requests.get('https://www.baidu.com/img/baidu_jgylogo3.gif')
print(response.content)#响应体的二进制格式
with open('D:/pycharm/projects/爬虫/1-基础知识/baidu.gif','wb') as f:
    f.write(response.content)#写入
    f.close()

output（D:/pycharm/projects/爬虫/1-基础知识/baidu.gif目录下出现百度的图片）

b'GIF89au\x00&\x00\xa2\x00\x00\xe62/\xea\xd4\xe2Y`\xe8\x99\x9d\xf1\xefvt)2\xe1\xe1\x06\x02\xff\xff\xff!\xf9\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00,\x00\x00\x00\x00u\x00&\x00\x00\x03\xffx\xba\xdc\xfe0\xb6 J\x190\x04\xc9\xbb\xff`\xc8UV!L\xa4\xb0\x89l\xeb\xbe\xcbP\x96\xeb\x11\xccV\r\xef|\x7f\xe0\x96\x93\x824\xc3\xf8\x8eH\xd0\r(\x94\x01\x0b\xc9\xa8\xf4\xb1\x04\x0e\x9f\x05\xddt{\xac\xe2\x14\xd8,w\x8c|\n\xb1B\xb2Z\xa4a\x10K\xc67|M\xf7Ph\n\xaf%\xf6\xd4\xd6\xffn8FN&:@F\x80\x89|V1~w\x85y\x03\x92\x8a\x7fr\x16\x88 \x849\x94khlO\x9cj\x9e!\x9as\xa1\\\xa3\x0c\x1am\x0e\x96&\xa7\\\xae\x98\x8fAZ\xaePQ\x04\xba~\x7f\xa5\x9byX\x98\xb7R\x06\xc5\xbc\xc5\xc8\xc9\x06\x00\x00\x04\xbc\x1f\x00\xc8WE\x0bz85\xae\'\xca\xdb\xdc\x06\n\xd1\xdd\xe1\xe0\xe1\xc8\x04.\xe3\x0bD\xc2a\xbf\xd9\x07\xe4\xe1\xdf\xf0\xdc\xe3\xf3\xe6,\xe8\x12\xbeL\n\xfb\x18\xcc\x00\x01&\x0b\x08P\x9e\xb7<\xacT\xb1\x1aH\xb0\x9e\x81g\x12t\xe9\xd2gj\x94\x9c4\x0e\x02 \x83\x08.\xffO1\x00\x13>*HF%\xd9\xbd$\x9a\x8c\x84i2@\x80\x00L\r\xc7\xc5\\\x00N\xe3\xbc\x8f$\x1f\x10(\x97\'&3g\x0c\xf29(\xa5r\xa5\x84\x9b9\x0f\xd4D\xba,i\x83q+l\x86;)4\x90 0\xec06`Z\x8cfW\x1b"U\x85M\xb6\xaa\xecNi\x1e\xe1\xad\xa8jC\x9d\x83\x0bX\xe1\xfex\xf5\x00m\x04\xbb\x1d\xc1.\x0b\xb9\xf7\x1d\xd2\x93\x11\xce\xf6eK\x84\x97\xdc\x8a\xb5\x1c\xd8\x85\x80\xf7\xab\xd4n\xf7\xfeBC[\x95\xd0\xa0 `\x8a\x1e.\xa1\xd5\xef\xc1\xbb_\x95:&\x07`\x05S\xc0\x11\xf2\t\xf5\xb2\xa1\xca\x19\xcd\x9a/m\xfd\xe8\x93Y\xe3\xcf\x1f\xc8\x96\xd5 \xf8a\xb5\xde\xdc\x0c~\xd6\xb4\x81\xd0\xeb\xb8\xb1\xf70\xe0\xfa\xb9\xa3\xc3p\x8f!\x08\x06i\xe3\xf96\xe1\xe9f\xb4\xe6\x9c\x19y\\<\x0b\x98{\xf5f\x9d[t\x9d\xc8\xa8O\'\x98S\xe8\x9bA\x15\x8e\x1f \x91\\L\xf8\xd0\x10\xf2\x8a\xf6\x16`\x1c\xd0\x00\x86\xd3m\xe0T52\x19D]P\x94\xd9U\x8aa\x9d}\xf7\xcbH\xf8=\xa0\x9f~\xbdUx\x1fm\xec\x99d\xa0\x16\xaa\xd9e\xcd\x00Z$\xd6\x00#\x17r0!~\x00*\x83\x1aW+\x00\xd7\rv\xd9\xb1#\xe3U\xcba\xe8\xd3mf=\xe7\xcc*L\xd5\xd0\xdf<0\x023\xe3\x90\xf6]\x88\xd4x\x8f\x95\xf3\\y\xe9\xed2\x81\x8b\xca\x04)\xe4J\xb7h\xa7\xd8iH\x0et\x12\x01\xf5\x1c\x98HK&\xbc\x04\xa2\x16\x01\xb4D\xc4K\x10\xad\x91\x00\x00;'

视频
同为二进制文件，保存为视频格式即可
其他
只要能够请求到的，都能够获取到

怎样来解析？

直接处理
Json解析
正则表达式
BeautifulSoup
PyQuery
XPath

为什么我抓到的数据和浏览器看到的不一样？

通过JS动态加载渲染后的代码跟我们后台直接请求的源码不一样（通过接口拿到的）

怎样解决JavaScript渲染问题？

分析Ajax请求 #返回Json格式字符串
selenium/WebDriver

input

from selenium import webdriver
driver=webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('http://www.zhihu.com')
print(driver.page_source)#跟网页elements源码一致，不用担心渲染问题

output

<!DOCTYPE html><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="zh" data-hairline="true" data-theme="light"><head><meta charset="utf-8" /><title>知乎 - 有问题上知乎</title><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1" /><meta name="renderer" content="webkit" /><meta name="force-rendering" content="webkit" /><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /><meta name="google-site-verification" content="FTeR0c8arOPKh8c5DYh_9uu98_zJbaWw53J-Sch9MTg" /><title>知乎 - 有问题上知乎</title><meta name="description" content="有问题，上知乎。知乎是中文互联网知名知识分享平台，以「知识连接一切」为愿景，致力于构建一个人人都可以便捷接入的知识分享网络，让人们便捷地与世界分享知识、经验和见解，发现更大的世界。" /><link rel="shortcut icon" type="image/x-icon" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/favicon.ico" /><link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://static.zhihu.com/static/search.xml" title="知乎" /><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//static.zhimg.com" /><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic1.zhimg.com" /><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic2.zhimg.com" /><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic3.zhimg.com" /><link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//pic4.zhimg.com" /><link href="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.app.da5a5359d85bcfbceffd.css" rel="stylesheet" /><script defer="" crossorigin="anonymous" src="https://unpkg.zhimg.com/@cfe/sentry-script@latest/dist/init.js" data-sentry-config="{&quot;dsn&quot;:&quot;https://65e244586890460588f00f2987137aa8@crash2.zhihu.com/193&quot;,&quot;sampleRate&quot;:0.1,&quot;release&quot;:&quot;243-a985d8a2&quot;,&quot;ignoreErrorNames&quot;:[&quot;NetworkError&quot;,&quot;SecurityError&quot;],&quot;ignoreErrors&quot;:[&quot;origin message&quot;,&quot;Network request failed&quot;,&quot;Loading chunk&quot;,&quot;这个系统不支持该功能。&quot;,&quot;Can't find variable: webkit&quot;,&quot;Can't find variable: $&quot;,&quot;内存不足&quot;,&quot;out of memory&quot;,&quot;DOM Exception 18&quot;,&quot;zfeedback sdk 初始化失败！&quot;,&quot;zfeedback sdk 加载失败！&quot;,&quot;The operation is insecure&quot;,&quot;[object Event]&quot;,&quot;[object FileError]&quot;,&quot;[object DOMError]&quot;,&quot;[object Object]&quot;,&quot;拒绝访问。&quot;,&quot;Maximum call stack size exceeded&quot;,&quot;UploadError&quot;,&quot;无法 fetch&quot;,&quot;draft-js&quot;,&quot;缺少 JavaScript 对象&quot;,&quot;componentWillEnter&quot;,&quot;componentWillLeave&quot;,&quot;componentWillAppear&quot;,&quot;getInlineStyleAt&quot;,&quot;getCharacterList&quot;],&quot;whitelistUrls&quot;:[&quot;static.zhihu.com&quot;]}"></script><script type="text/javascript" charset="utf-8" async="" src="https://static.zhihu.com/heifetz/main.signflow.37b0e299b3a85808a9f9.js"></script></head><body class="EntrySign-body"><div id="root"><div data-zop-usertoken="{}" data-reactroot=""><div class="LoadingBar"></div><div><header role="banner" class="Sticky AppHeader" data-za-module="TopNavBar"><div class="AppHeader-inner"><a href="//www.zhihu.com" aria-label="知乎"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 200 91" 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data-za-not-track-link="true">话题</a></nav><div class="SearchBar" role="search" data-za-module="PresetWordItem"><div class="SearchBar-toolWrapper"><form class="SearchBar-tool"><div><div class="Popover"><div class="SearchBar-input Input-wrapper Input-wrapper--grey"><input type="text" maxlength="100" value="" autocomplete="off" role="combobox" aria-expanded="false" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-activedescendant="AutoComplete2--1" id="Popover1-toggle" aria-haspopup="true" aria-owns="Popover1-content" class="Input" placeholder="" /><div class="Input-after"><button aria-label="搜索" type="button" class="Button SearchBar-searchIcon Button--primary"><span style="display:inline-flex;align-items:center"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" class="Zi Zi--Search" fill="currentColor" viewBox="0 0 24 24" width="18" height="18"><path d="M17.068 15.58a8.377 8.377 0 0 0 1.774-5.159 8.421 8.421 0 1 0-8.42 8.421 8.38 8.38 0 0 0 5.158-1.774l3.879 3.88c.957.573 2.131-.464 1.488-1.49l-3.879-3.878zm-6.647 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