数据库基础 DQL (单表基础查询)

DQL

全称 Data Query Language(数据查询语言)

use test;
drop table if exists emp;
create table emp
(
    id          int comment '编号',
    workno      varchar(10) comment '工号',
    name        varchar(10) comment '姓名',
    gender      char(1) comment '性别',
    age         tinyint unsigned comment '年龄',
    idcard      char(18) comment '身份证号',
    workaddress varchar(50) comment '工作地址',
    entrydate   date comment '入职时间'
) comment '员工表';
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (1, '00001', '柳岩666', '女', 20, '123456789012345678', '北京', '2000-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (2, '00002', '张无忌', '男', 18, '123456789012345670', '北京', '2005-09-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (3, '00003', '韦一笑', '男', 38, '123456789712345670', '上海', '2005-08-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (4, '00004', '赵敏', '女', 18, '123456757123845670', '北京', '2009-12-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (5, '00005', '小昭', '女', 16, '123456769012345678', '上海', '2007-07-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (6, '00006', '杨逍', '男', 28, '12345678931234567X', '北京', '2006-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (7, '00007', '范瑶', '男', 40, '123456789212345670', '北京', '2005-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (8, '00008', '黛绮丝', '女', 38, '123456157123645670', '天津', '2015-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (9, '00009', '范凉凉', '女', 45, '123156789012345678', '北京', '2010-04-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (10, '00010', '陈友谅', '男', 53, '123456789012345670', '上海', '2011-01-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (11, '00011', '张士诚', '男', 55, '123567897123465670', '江苏', '2015-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (12, '00012', '常遇春', '男', 32, '123446757152345670', '北京', '2004-02-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (13, '00013', '张三丰', '男', 88, '123656789012345678', '江苏', '2020-11-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (14, '00014', '灭绝', '女', 65, '123456719012345670', '西安', '2019-05-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (15, '00015', '胡青牛', '男', 70, '12345674971234567X', '西安', '2018-04-01');
INSERT INTO emp (id, workno, name, gender, age, idcard, workaddress, entrydate)
VALUES (16, '00016', '周芷若', '女', 18, null, '北京', '2012-06-01');

基础查询(设置字段别名,去重)

– A. 查询指定字段 name, workno, age并返回
select name, workno, age
from emp;
– B. 查询返回所有字段
select * from emp;
– C. 查询所有员工的工作地址,起别名
select workaddress '地址'
from emp;
– D. 查询公司员工的上班地址有哪些(不要重复)
select distinct workaddress '地址' from emp;

条件查询

– A. 查询年龄等于 88 的员工
select * from emp where age = 88;
– B. 查询年龄小于 20 的员工信息
select * from emp where age < 20;
– C. 查询年龄小于等于 20 的员工信息
select * from emp where age <= 20;
– D. 查询没有身份证号的员工信息
select * from emp where idcard is null;
– E. 查询有身份证号的员工信息
select * from emp where idcard is not null;
– F. 查询年龄不等于 88 的员工信息
select * from emp where age!=88;
– G. 查询年龄在15岁(包含) 到 20岁(包含)之间的员工信息
select * from emp where age between 15 and 20;
– H. 查询性别为 女 且年龄小于 25岁的员工信息
select * from emp where age<25 and gender = '女';
select * from emp where age<25 && gender = '女';
– I. 查询年龄等于18 或 20 或 40 的员工信息
select * from emp where age in (18,20,40);
– J. 查询姓名为两个字的员工信息 _ %
select * from emp where name like '__';
– K. 查询身份证号最后一位是X的员工信息
select * from emp where idcard like '%X';

聚合函数

– A. 统计该企业员工数量(在表没有主键的时候,count(1)的速度比count()快)
– 一般情况下，Select Count ()和Select Count(1)两着返回结果是一样的，假如表没有主键(Primary key),
– 那么count(1)比count()快，如果有主键的话，那主键作为count的条件时候count(主键)最快，
– 如果你的表只有一个字段的话那count()就是最快的。count(*) 跟 count(1) 的结果一样，
– 都包括对NULL的统计，而count(column) 是不包括NULL的统计。
select count(1) from emp;
select count(*) from emp;
select count(idcard) from emp;
– B. 统计该企业员工的平均年龄
select avg(age) from emp;
– C. 统计该企业员工的最大年龄
select max(age) from emp;
– D. 统计该企业员工的最小年龄
select min(age) from emp;
– E. 统计西安地区员工的年龄之和
select sum(age) from emp;

分组查询

– A. 根据性别分组 , 统计男性员工和女性员工的数量
select gender '性别',count(gender) from emp group by gender;
– B. 根据性别分组 , 统计男性员工和女性员工的平均年龄
select gender '性别',avg(age) from emp;
– C. 查询年龄小于45的员工 , 并根据工作地址分组, 获取员工数量大于等于3的工作地址
select workaddress '工作地址', count(*) address from emp where age<45 group by workaddress having address>=3;
– D. 统计各个工作地址上班的男性及女性员工的数量
select workaddress,gender,count(*) from emp group by workaddress, gender;

排序查询

– A. 根据年龄对公司的员工进行升序排序
select name,age from emp order by age;
– B. 根据入职时间, 对员工进行降序排序
select name,entrydate from emp order by entrydate desc ;
– C. 根据年龄对公司的员工进行升序排序 , 年龄相同 , 再按照入职时间进行降序排序
select name,age,entrydate from emp order by age,entrydate desc;

分页查询

– A. 查询第1页员工数据, 每页展示10条记录
select name,gender from emp limit 0,10;
– B. 查询第2页员工数据, 每页展示10条记录 --------> (页码-1)*页展示记录数
select name,gender from emp limit 10,10;

案例

– 1). 查询年龄为20,21,22,23岁的员工信息。
select * from emp where age in(20,21,22,23);
– 2). 查询性别为 男 ，并且年龄在 20-40 岁(含)以内的姓名为三个字的员工。
select * from emp where gender = '男' && age between 20 and 40 && name like '___';
– 3). 统计员工表中, 年龄小于60岁的 , 男性员工和女性员工的人数。
select gender,count(*) from emp where age < 60 group by gender;
– 4). 查询所有年龄小于等于35岁员工的姓名和年龄，并对查询结果按年龄升序排序，如果年龄相同按入职时间降序排序。
select name as '姓名', age as '年龄' from emp where gender<=35 order by age,entrydate desc ;
– 5). 查询性别为男，且年龄在20-40 岁(含)以内的前5个员工信息，对查询的结果按年龄升序排序，年龄相同按入职时间升序排序。
select * from emp where age between 20 and 40 order by age,entrydate desc limit 5;

执行顺序

-- from ... where ... group by ...
-- having ... select ... order by ... limit ...