requests 封装一个爬虫类 实现基本的 反爬虫

参考以下代码

http://www.runoob.com/html/html5-intro.html
以下代码实现了爬取该链接下的自定义链接

import requests
from fake_useragent import UserAgent
from retrying import retry
import hashlib #信息摘要 md5 sha
import queue #队列
import re  #正则表达式
from urllib import robotparser #解析网站robots.txt文件
from urllib.parse import urlparse,urljoin,urldefrag #解析url
from threading import Thread #多线程
from datetime import datetime
import time
import mongo_cache
import random

MAX_DEP = 2 #定义爬虫爬取深度


def get_robots(url):
    """
    解析robots.txt文件
    :param url:
    :return:
    """
    rp = robotparser.RobotFileParser()
    rp.set_url(urljoin(url,'robots.txt'))
    rp.read()
    return rp

def save_url(html_content,url_str):
    """
    存储下载内容
    :param html_content:
    :return:
    """
    md5 = hashlib.md5()
    md5.update(html_content)
    #file_path = "./download/" + md5.hexdigest()+".html"
    file_path = "./download/" + gen_html_name(url_str) + ".html"
    with open(file_path,"wb") as f:
        f.write(html_content)

def gen_html_name(url_str):
    path = urlparse(url_str).path
    path_array = path.split('/')
    return path_array[len(path_array) - 1]



def extractor_url_lists(html_content):
    """
    抽取网页中的其他链接
    :param self:
    :param html_content:
    :return:
    """
    url_regex = re.compile('<a[^>]+href=["\'](.*?)["\']',re.IGNORECASE)
    return url_regex.findall(html_content)


class CrawlerCommon:
    """
    实现一个通用爬虫，涵盖基本的爬虫功能及涉及一些反爬虫技术
    """
    def __init__(self,init_url):
        __ua = UserAgent()  #随机User-Agent
        self.seed_url = init_url   #初始爬取的种子网址
        self.crawler_queue = queue.Queue()#使用不同的队列会造成BFS和DFS的效果
        self.crawler_queue.put(init_url) #将种子网址放入队列
        self.visited = {init_url : 0}  #初始化爬取深度为0
        self.rp = get_robots(init_url) #初始化orbots解析器
        self.headers = {"User-Agent": __ua.random} #生成一个随机user-agent
        self.link_regex = '(index|view)' #抽取网址的过滤条件
        self.throttle   = Throttle(5.0) #下载限流器间隔5秒
        self.mcache     = mongo_cache.MongoCache() #初始化mongo_cache

    @retry(stop_max_attempt_number=3)
    def retry_download(self,url_str,data,method,proxies):
        """
        使用装饰器的重试下载类
        :param url_str:
        :param data:
        :param method:
        :param proxies:
        :return:
        """
        if method == "POST":
            result =  requests.post(url_str,data=data,headers=self.headers,proxies=proxies)
        else:
            result =  requests.get(url_str,headers=self.headers,timeout=3,proxies=proxies)
        assert result.status_code == 200 #此处为断言，判断状态码是否为200
        return result.content

    def download(self,url_str,data=None,method="GET",proxies={}):
        """
        真正的下载类
        """
        print("download url is ::::::",url_str)
        try:
            #此处添加随机代理代码
            result = self.retry_download(url_str,data,method,proxies)
        except Exception as e:#python3使用as e
            print(e.message)
            result = None
        return result



    def nomalize(self,url_str):
        """
        补全下载链接
        :param url_str:
        :return:
        """
        real_url,_ = urldefrag(url_str)
        return urljoin(self.seed_url,real_url)


    def save_result(self,html_content,url_str):
        """
        将结果存入数据库，存入前检查内容是否存在
        :param html_content: 下载的二进制内容
        :param url_str: 下载网页的url
        :return: 无
        """
        if url_str not in self.mcache:
            self.mcache[url_str] = html_content
        else:
            data_from_mongo = self.mcache[url_str]
            #初始化md5算法
            md5_func_mongo = hashlib.md5()
            md5_func_download = hashlib.md5()
            #生成数据库记录的md5摘要
            md5_func_mongo.update(data_from_mongo)
            mongo_md5_str = md5_func_mongo.hexdigest()
            #生成下载数据的md5摘要
            md5_func_download.update(html_content)
            download_md5_str = md5_func_download.hexdigest()
            #对比下载结果是否和数据库一样
            if download_md5_str != mongo_md5_str:
                self.mcache[url_str] = html_content


    def run(self):
        """
        进行网页爬取的主要方法
        :return:
        """
        while not self.crawler_queue.empty():
            url_str = self.crawler_queue.get()
            #检测robots.txt文件规则
            if self.rp.can_fetch(self.headers["User-Agent"],url_str):
                self.throttle.wait_url(url_str)
                depth = self.visited[url_str]
                if depth < MAX_DEP:
                    #下载链接
                    html_content = self.download(url_str)
                    #存储链接
                    if html_content is not None:
                        self.mcache[url_str] = html_content
                        save_url(html_content,url_str)
                    #筛选出页面所有链接
                    url_list = extractor_url_lists(html_content.decode('utf-8'))
                    #筛选需要爬取的链接
                    filter_urls = [link for link in url_list if re.search('/(html)',link)]
                    for url in filter_urls:
                        #补全链接
                        real_url = self.nomalize(url)
                        #判断链接是否访问过
                        if real_url not in self.visited:
                            #print "link is ::::::",real_url
                            self.visited[real_url] = depth + 1
                            self.crawler_queue.put(real_url)
                else:
                    print('ok')

            else:
                print("robots.txt 禁止下载:",url_str)

所需要的类如下

mongo_cache

import pickle
import zlib
from datetime import datetime,timedelta
from pymongo import MongoClient
from bson.binary import Binary


class MongoCache(object):
    """
    数据库缓存
    """
    def __init__(self,client=None,expires=timedelta(days=30)):
        self.client = MongoClient("localhost",27017)
        self.db = self.client.cache
        #加速查找设置索引，设置超时时间,如果达到expireAfterSeconds设置的超时时间，mongodb会把超时数据自动删除
        self.db.webpage.create_index('timestamp',expireAfterSeconds=expires.total_seconds())


    def __setitem__(self, key, value):
        #压缩数据，设置时间戳
        record = {"result":Binary(zlib.compress(pickle.dumps(value))),"timestamp":datetime.utcnow()}
        #使用update的upsert(如果不存在执行insert，存在执行update)参数进行插入更新操作，$set内置函数表示覆盖原始数据
        self.db.webpage.update({"_id":key},{'$set':record},upsert=True)

    def __getitem__(self, item):
        #根据_id以item作为关键字(例如url:http://www.baidu.com)查找相关网页
        record = self.db.webpage.find_one({"_id":item})
        if record:
            return pickle.loads(zlib.decompress(record["result"])) #解压缩
        else:
            raise KeyError(item + "does not exist")#找不到抛出异常

    def __contains__(self, item):
        try:
            self[item] #这里会调用__getitem__方法
        except KeyError:
            return False #捕获到KeyError异常说明没找到相关数据，参考33行抛出异常的条件
        else:
            return True #找到相应数据说明数据库包含下载内容

    def clear(self):
        self.db.webpage.drop() #把缓存库清空

下载限流 Throttle

class Throttle(object):
    """
    下载限流器
    """
    def __init__(self,delay):
        self.domains = {}
        self.delay = delay

    def wait_url(self,url_str):
        domain_url = urlparse(url_str).netloc #取出网址域名部分(netloc)
        last_accessed = self.domains.get(domain_url) #取出域名的上次下载时间
        if self.delay > 0 and last_accessed is not None:
            #将当前时间和上次下载时间相减，得出两次下载时间间隔，然后用休眠时间(delay)减去这个间隔
            #如果大于0就休眠，否则直接下载后续链接
            sleep_interval = self.delay - (datetime.now() - last_accessed).seconds
            if sleep_interval > 0 :
                time.sleep(sleep_interval)

        self.domains[domain_url] = datetime.now() #把当前时间以域名作为key存到domains字典中

随机代理 RandomProxy 有兴趣的可以自行加上

class RandomProxy(object):
    '''
    随机代理
    '''
    def __init__(self):
        self.proxies = []
        self.headers = {
            'User-Agent': 'WTF'
        }
    def crawl_proxies(self):
        '''
        抓取生成代理
        :return:
        '''
        self.proxies.append('192.168.1.1')
        self.proxies.append('192.168.1.2')

    def verify_proxies(self):
        '''
        校验每一个代理是否可用
        :return:
        '''
        invalid_ip = []
        for ip_str in self.proxies:
            proxies = {'http': ip_str}
            r = requests.get("http://www.baidu.com", proxies=proxies,headers=self.headers)
            if r.status_code == 200:
                continue
            else:
                invalid_ip.append(ip_str)
        for remove_ip in invalid_ip:
            self.proxies.remove(remove_ip)

    def get_one_proxy(self):
        return random.choice(self.proxies)

运行

if __name__ == "__main__":
    crawler = CrawlerCommon("http://www.runoob.com/html/html5-intro.html")
    crawler.run()