全部源码:https://github.com/name365/JavaSE-30Day
第16章 Java8的其它新特性
Java8概述
- Java 8 (又称为jdk 1.8) 是Java 语言开发的一个主要版本。
- Java 8 是oracle公司于2014年3月发布,可以看成是自Java 5 以来最具革命性的版本。Java 8为Java语言、编译器、类库、开发工具与JVM带来了大量新特性。
Java8新特性的好处
- 速度更快
- 代码更少(增加了新的语法:Lambda 表达式)
- 强大的Stream API
- 便于并行
- 最大化减少空指针异常:Optional
- Nashorn引擎,允许在JVM上运行JS应用
并行流与串行流
并行流就是把一个内容分成多个数据块,并用不同的线程分别处理每个数据块的流。相比较串行的流,并行的流可以很大程度上提高程序的执行效率。
Java 8 中将并行进行了优化,我们可以很容易的对数据进行并行操作。Stream API 可以声明性地通过parallel() 与sequential() 在并行流与顺序流之间进行切换。
Lambda表达式
Lambda 是一个匿名函数,我们可以把Lambda 表达式理解为是一段可以传递的代码(将代码像数据一样进行传递)。使用它可以写出更简洁、更灵活的代码。作为一种更紧凑的代码风格,使Java的语言表达能力得到了提升。
Lambda表达式使用举例
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Comparator;
public class LambdaTest {
@Test
public void test(){
Runnable r1 = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("长安欢迎您");
}
};
r1.run();
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++++|");
Runnable r2 = () -> System.out.println("长安欢迎您");
r2.run();
}
@Test
public void test2(){
Comparator<Integer> c1 = new Comparator<Integer>() {
@Override
public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {
return Integer.compare(o1,o2);
}
};
int compare1 = c1.compare(8,16);
System.out.println(compare1);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++");
Comparator<Integer> c2 = (o1,o2) -> Integer.compare(o1,o2);
int compare2 = c2.compare(28,35);
System.out.println(compare2);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++++++");
Comparator<Integer> c3 = Integer :: compare;
int compare3 = c3.compare(28,35);
System.out.println(compare3);
}
}
Lambda表达式语法的使用1
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class LambdaTest1 {
@Test
public void test(){
Runnable r1 = new Runnable() {
@Override
public void run() {
System.out.println("长安欢迎您");
}
};
r1.run();
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++++|");
Runnable r2 = () -> System.out.println("长安欢迎您");
r2.run();
}
@Test
public void test2(){
Consumer<String> con = new Consumer<String>() {
@Override
public void accept(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
};
con.accept("善与恶的区别是什么?");
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++");
Consumer<String> c1 = (String s) -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c1.accept("先天人性无善恶,后天人性有善恶。");
}
@Test
public void test3(){
Consumer<String> c1 = (String s) -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c1.accept("先天人性无善恶,后天人性有善恶。");
System.out.println("---------------------");
Consumer<String> c2 = (s) -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c2.accept("如果没有邪恶的话我们怎么会知道人世间的那些善良呢?");
}
@Test
public void test4(){
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList<>();
int[] arr = {1,2,3};
}
}
Lambda表达式语法的使用2
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
public class LambdaTest1 {
@Test
public void test5(){
Consumer<String> c1 = (s) -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c1.accept("先天人性无善恶,后天人性有善恶。");
System.out.println("---------------------");
Consumer<String> c2 = s -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c2.accept("如果没有邪恶的话我们怎么会知道人世间的那些善良呢?");
}
@Test
public void test6(){
Comparator<Integer> c1 = new Comparator<Integer>() {
@Override
public int compare(Integer o1, Integer o2) {
System.out.println(o1);
System.out.println(o2);
return o1.compareTo(o2);
}
};
System.out.println(c1.compare(15,23));
System.out.println("\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\");
Comparator<Integer> com2 = (o1,o2) -> {
System.out.println(o1);
System.out.println(o2);
return o1.compareTo(o2);
};
System.out.println(com2.compare(16,8));
}
@Test
public void test7(){
Comparator<Integer> c1 = (o1,o2) -> {
return o1.compareTo(o2);
};
System.out.println(c1.compare(16,8));
System.out.println("\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\");
Comparator<Integer> c2 = (o1,o2) -> o1.compareTo(o2);
System.out.println(c2.compare(17,24));
}
@Test
public void test8(){
Consumer<String> c1 = s -> {
System.out.println(s);
};
c1.accept("先天人性无善恶,后天人性有善恶。");
System.out.println("---------------------");
Consumer<String> c2 = s -> System.out.println(s);
c2.accept("如果没有邪恶的话我们怎么会知道人世间的那些善良呢?");
}
}
函数式(Functional)接口
函数式接口的介绍
public interface MyInterFace {
void method();
}
- 在java.util.function包下定义了Java 8 的丰富的函数式接口
- Java从诞生日起就是一直倡导"一切皆对象",在Java里面面向对象(OOP)编程是一切。但是随着python、scala等语言的兴起和新技术的挑战,Java不得不做出调整以便支持更加广泛的技术要求,也即java不但可以支持OOP还可以支持OOF(面向函数编程)
- 在函数式编程语言当中,函数被当做一等公民对待。在将函数作为一等公民的编程语言中,Lambda表达式的类型是函数。但是在Java8中,有所不同。在Java8中,Lambda表达式是对象,而不是函数,它们必须依附于一类特别的对象类型——函数式接口。
- 简单的说,在Java8中,Lambda表达式就是一个函数式接口的实例。这就是Lambda表达式和函数式接口的关系。也就是说,只要一个对象是函数式接口的实例,那么该对象就可以用Lambda表达式来表示。
- *所以以前用匿名实现类表示的现在都可以用Lambda表达式来写。
Java内置的函数式接口介绍及使用举例
函数式接口参数类型返回类型用途Consumer消费型接口Tvoid对类型为T的对象应用操作,包含方法:void accept(T t)Supplier供给型接口无T返回类型为T的对象,包含方法:T get()Function
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Predicate;
public class LambdaTest2 {
public void happyTime(double money, Consumer<Double> con) {
con.accept(money);
}
@Test
public void test(){
happyTime(30, new Consumer<Double>() {
@Override
public void accept(Double aDouble) {
System.out.println("熬夜太累了,点个外卖,价格为:" + aDouble);
}
});
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++++");
happyTime(20,money -> System.out.println("熬夜太累了,吃口麻辣烫,价格为:" + money));
}
public List<String> filterString(List<String> list, Predicate<String> pre){
ArrayList<String> filterList = new ArrayList<>();
for(String s : list){
if(pre.test(s)){
filterList.add(s);
}
}
return filterList;
}
@Test
public void test2(){
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("长安","上京","江南","渝州","凉州","兖州");
List<String> filterStrs = filterString(list, new Predicate<String>() {
@Override
public boolean test(String s) {
return s.contains("州");
}
});
System.out.println(filterStrs);
List<String> filterStrs1 = filterString(list,s -> s.contains("州"));
System.out.println(filterStrs1);
}
}
方法引用与构造器引用
- 当要传递给Lambda体的操作,已经有实现的方法了,可以使用方法引用!
- 方法引用可以看做是Lambda表达式深层次的表达。换句话说,方法引用就是Lambda表达式,也就是函数式接口的一个实例,通过方法的名字来指向一个方法,可以认为是Lambda表达式的一个语法糖。
- 要求:实现接口的抽象方法的参数列表和返回值类型,必须与方法引用的方法的参数列表和返回值类型保持一致!
- 格式:使用操作符"::" 将类(或对象) 与方法名分隔开来。
- 如下三种主要使用情况:
- 对象::实例方法名
- 类::静态方法名
- 类::实例方法名
方法引用的使用情况1
- Employee类
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private int age;
private double salary;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public double getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
public Employee() {
System.out.println("Employee().....");
}
public Employee(int id) {
this.id = id;
System.out.println("Employee(int id).....");
}
public Employee(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
public Employee(int id, String name, int age, double salary) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee{" + "id=" + id + ", name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + ", salary=" + salary + '}';
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o)
return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass())
return false;
Employee employee = (Employee) o;
if (id != employee.id)
return false;
if (age != employee.age)
return false;
if (Double.compare(employee.salary, salary) != 0)
return false;
return name != null ? name.equals(employee.name) : employee.name == null;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result;
long temp;
result = id;
result = 31 * result + (name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0);
result = 31 * result + age;
temp = Double.doubleToLongBits(salary);
result = 31 * result + (int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
return result;
}
}
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.function.BiPredicate;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
public class MethodRefTest {
@Test
public void test() {
Consumer<String> c1 = str -> System.out.println(str);
c1.accept("兖州");
System.out.println("+++++++++++++");
PrintStream ps = System.out;
Consumer<String> c2 = ps::println;
c2.accept("xian");
}
@Test
public void test2() {
Employee emp = new Employee(004,"Nice",19,4200);
Supplier<String> sk1 = () -> emp.getName();
System.out.println(sk1.get());
System.out.println("*******************");
Supplier<String> sk2 = emp::getName;
System.out.println(sk2.get());
}
}
方法引用的使用情况2
- Employee类——同上
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.function.Function;
public class MethodRefTest {
@Test
public void test3() {
Comparator<Integer> com1 = (t1, t2) -> Integer.compare(t1,t2);
System.out.println(com1.compare(21,20));
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++");
Comparator<Integer> com2 = Integer::compare;
System.out.println(com2.compare(15,7));
}
@Test
public void test4() {
Function<Double,Long> func = new Function<Double, Long>() {
@Override
public Long apply(Double d) {
return Math.round(d);
}
};
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++");
Function<Double,Long> func1 = d -> Math.round(d);
System.out.println(func1.apply(14.1));
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++");
Function<Double,Long> func2 = Math::round;
System.out.println(func2.apply(17.4));
}
}
方法引用的使用情况3
- Employee类——同上
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.function.BiPredicate;
import java.util.function.Function;
public class MethodRefTest {
@Test
public void test5() {
Comparator<String> com1 = (s1,s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2);
System.out.println(com1.compare("abc","abd"));
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++");
Comparator<String> com2 = String :: compareTo;
System.out.println(com2.compare("abd","abm"));
}
@Test
public void test6() {
BiPredicate<String,String> pre1 = (s1, s2) -> s1.equals(s2);
System.out.println(pre1.test("MON","MON"));
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++++");
BiPredicate<String,String> pre2 = String :: equals;
System.out.println(pre2.test("MON","MON"));
}
@Test
public void test7() {
Employee employee = new Employee(007, "Ton", 21, 8000);
Function<Employee,String> func1 = e -> e.getName();
System.out.println(func1.apply(employee));
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++++++++");
Function<Employee,String> f2 = Employee::getName;
System.out.println(f2.apply(employee));
}
}
构造器引用与数组引用的使用
格式:ClassName::new
与函数式接口相结合,自动与函数式接口中方法兼容。
可以把构造器引用赋值给定义的方法,要求构造器参数列表要与接口中抽象方法的参数列表一致!且方法的返回值即为构造器对应类的对象。
- Employee类——同上
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.function.BiFunction;
import java.util.function.Function;
import java.util.function.Supplier;
public class MethodRefTest {
@Test
public void test() {
Supplier<Employee> sup = new Supplier<Employee>() {
@Override
public Employee get() {
return new Employee();
}
};
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++");
Supplier<Employee> sk1 = () -> new Employee();
System.out.println(sk1.get());
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++");
Supplier<Employee> sk2 = Employee::new;
System.out.println(sk2.get());
}
@Test
public void test2() {
Function<Integer, Employee> f1 = id -> new Employee(id);
Employee employee = f1.apply(7793);
System.out.println(employee);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++");
Function<Integer, Employee> f2 = Employee::new;
Employee employee1 = f2.apply(4545);
System.out.println(employee1);
}
@Test
public void test3() {
BiFunction<Integer, String, Employee> f1 = (id, name) -> new Employee(id, name);
System.out.println(f1.apply(2513, "Fruk"));
System.out.println("*******************");
BiFunction<Integer, String, Employee> f2 = Employee::new;
System.out.println(f2.apply(9526, "Bon"));
}
@Test
public void test4() {
Function<Integer, String[]> f1 = length -> new String[length];
String[] arr1 = f1.apply(7);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr1));
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++");
Function<Integer, String[]> f2 = String[]::new;
String[] arr2 = f2.apply(9);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));
}
}
强大的Stream API
Stream API的概述
- Java8中有两大最为重要的改变。第一个是Lambda 表达式;另外一个则是Stream API。
- Stream API ( java.util.stream)把真正的函数式编程风格引入到Java中。这是目前为止对Java类库最好的补充,因为Stream API可以极大提供Java程序员的生产力,让程序员写出高效率、干净、简洁的代码。
- Stream 是Java8 中处理集合的关键抽象概念,它可以指定你希望对集合进行的操作,可以执行非常复杂的查找、过滤和映射数据等操作。使用Stream API 对集合数据进行操作,就类似于使用SQL 执行的数据库查询。也可以使用Stream API 来并行执行操作。简言之,Stream API 提供了一种高效且易于使用的处理数据的方式。
- 为什么要使用Stream API
- 实际开发中,项目中多数数据源都来自于Mysql,Oracle等。但现在数据源可以更多了,有MongDB,Radis等,而这些NoSQL的数据就需要Java层面去处理。
- Stream 和Collection 集合的区别:Collection 是一种静态的内存数据结构,而Stream 是有关计算的。前者是主要面向内存,存储在内存中,后者主要是面向CPU,通过CPU 实现计算。
Stream的实例化
- EmployeeData类
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;
public class EmployeeData {
public static List<Employee> getEmployees(){
List<Employee> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add(new Employee(1001, "马化腾", 34, 6000.38));
list.add(new Employee(1002, "马云", 12, 9876.12));
list.add(new Employee(1003, "刘强东", 33, 3000.82));
list.add(new Employee(1004, "雷军", 26, 7657.37));
list.add(new Employee(1005, "李彦宏", 65, 5555.32));
list.add(new Employee(1006, "比尔盖茨", 42, 9500.43));
list.add(new Employee(1007, "任正非", 26, 4333.32));
list.add(new Employee(1008, "扎克伯格", 35, 2500.32));
return list;
}
}
- Employee类
public class Employee {
private int id;
private String name;
private int age;
private double salary;
public int getId() {
return id;
}
public void setId(int id) {
this.id = id;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public double getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(double salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
public Employee() {
System.out.println("Employee().....");
}
public Employee(int id) {
this.id = id;
System.out.println("Employee(int id).....");
}
public Employee(int id, String name) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
}
public Employee(int id, String name, int age, double salary) {
this.id = id;
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee{" + "id=" + id + ", name='" + name + '\'' + ", age=" + age + ", salary=" + salary + '}';
}
@Override
public boolean equals(Object o) {
if (this == o)
return true;
if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass())
return false;
Employee employee = (Employee) o;
if (id != employee.id)
return false;
if (age != employee.age)
return false;
if (Double.compare(employee.salary, salary) != 0)
return false;
return name != null ? name.equals(employee.name) : employee.name == null;
}
@Override
public int hashCode() {
int result;
long temp;
result = id;
result = 31 * result + (name != null ? name.hashCode() : 0);
result = 31 * result + age;
temp = Double.doubleToLongBits(salary);
result = 31 * result + (int) (temp ^ (temp >>> 32));
return result;
}
}
- 测试类
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.IntStream;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest {
@Test
public void test(){
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
Stream<Employee> stream = employees.stream();
Stream<Employee> parallelStream = employees.parallelStream();
}
@Test
public void test2(){
int[] arr = new int[]{1,2,3,4,5,6};
IntStream stream = Arrays.stream(arr);
Employee e1 = new Employee(1001,"Hom");
Employee e2 = new Employee(1002,"Nut");
Employee[] arr1 = new Employee[]{e1,e2};
Stream<Employee> stream1 = Arrays.stream(arr1);
}
@Test
public void test3(){
Stream<Integer> stream = Stream.of(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6);
}
@Test
public void test4(){
Stream.iterate(0, t -> t + 2).limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);
Stream.generate(Math::random).limit(10).forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Stream的中间操作:筛选与切片
多个中间操作可以连接起来形成一个流水线,除非流水线上触发终止操作,否则中间操作不会执行任何的处理!而在终止操作时一次性全部处理,称为"惰性求值"。
方法描述filter(Predicate p)接收Lambda ,从流中排除某些元素distinct()筛选,通过流所生成元素的hashCode() 和equals() 去除重复元素limit(long maxSize)截断流,使其元素不超过给定数量skip(long n)跳过元素,返回一个扔掉了前n 个元素的流。若流中元素不足n 个,则返回一个空流。与limit(n) 互补
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest2 {
@Test
public void test(){
List<Employee> list = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
Stream<Employee> stream = list.stream();
stream.filter(e -> e.getSalary() > 7000).forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++");
list.stream().limit(3).forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++");
list.stream().skip(3).forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println("+++++++++++++++++++++++");
list.add(new Employee(1013,"李飞",42,8500));
list.add(new Employee(1013,"李飞",41,8200));
list.add(new Employee(1013,"李飞",28,6000));
list.add(new Employee(1013,"李飞",39,7800));
list.add(new Employee(1013,"李飞",40,8000));
list.stream().distinct().forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Stream的中间操作:映射
方法描述map(Function f)接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,并将其映射成一个新的元素。mapToDouble(ToDoubleFunction f)接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,产生一个新的DoubleStream。mapToInt(ToIntFunction f)接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,产生一个新的IntStream。mapToLong(ToLongFunction f)接收一个函数作为参数,该函数会被应用到每个元素上,产生一个新的LongStream。flatMap(Function f)接收一个函数作为参数,将流中的每个值都换成另一个流,然后把所有流连接成一个流
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest2 {
@Test
public void test2(){
List<String> list = Arrays.asList("aa", "bb", "cc", "dd");
list.stream().map(str -> str.toUpperCase()).forEach(System.out::println);
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
Stream<String> namesStream = employees.stream().map(Employee::getName);
namesStream.filter(name -> name.length() > 3).forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println();
Stream<Stream<Character>> streamStream = list.stream().map(StreamAPITest2::fromStringToStream);
streamStream.forEach(s ->{
s.forEach(System.out::println);
});
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++++++");
Stream<Character> characterStream = list.stream().flatMap(StreamAPITest2::fromStringToStream);
characterStream.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static Stream<Character> fromStringToStream(String str){
ArrayList<Character> list = new ArrayList<>();
for(Character c : str.toCharArray()){
list.add(c);
}
return list.stream();
}
@Test
public void test3(){
ArrayList list1 = new ArrayList();
list1.add(25);
list1.add(33);
list1.add(14);
ArrayList list2 = new ArrayList();
list2.add(51);
list2.add(23);
list2.add(61);
list1.addAll(list2);
System.out.println(list1);
}
}
Stream的中间操作:排序
方法描述sorted()产生一个新流,其中按自然顺序排序sorted(Comparator com)产生一个新流,其中按比较器顺序排序
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest2 {
@Test
public void test4(){
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(25,45,36,12,85,64,72,-95,4);
list.stream().sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
employees.stream().sorted( (e1,e2) -> {
int ageValue = Integer.compare(e1.getAge(),e2.getAge());
if(ageValue != 0){
return ageValue;
}else{
return -Double.compare(e1.getSalary(),e2.getSalary());
}
}).forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Stream的终止操作:匹配与查找
- 终端操作会从流的流水线生成结果。其结果可以是任何不是流的值,例如:List、Integer,甚至是void 。
- 流进行了终止操作后,不能再次使用。
方法描述allMatch(Predicate p)检查是否匹配所有元素anyMatch(Predicate p)检查是否至少匹配一个元素noneMatch(Predicate p)检查是否没有匹配所有元素findFirst()返回第一个元素findAny()返回当前流中的任意元素count()返回流中元素总数max(Comparator c)返回流中最大值min(Comparator c)返回流中最小值forEach(Consumer c)内部迭代(使用Collection 接口需要用户去做迭代,称为外部迭代。相反,Stream API 使用内部迭代——它帮你把迭代做了)
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest3 {
@Test
public void test(){
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
boolean allMatch = employees.stream().allMatch(e -> e.getAge() > 23);
System.out.println(allMatch);
boolean anyMatch = employees.stream().anyMatch(e -> e.getSalary() > 9000);
System.out.println(anyMatch);
boolean noneMatch = employees.stream().noneMatch(e -> e.getName().startsWith("马"));
System.out.println(noneMatch);
Optional<Employee> employee = employees.stream().findFirst();
System.out.println(employee);
Optional<Employee> employee1 = employees.parallelStream().findAny();
System.out.println(employee1);
}
@Test
public void test2(){
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
long count = employees.stream().filter(e -> e.getSalary() > 4500).count();
System.out.println(count);
Stream<Double> salaryStream = employees.stream().map(e -> e.getSalary());
Optional<Double> maxSalary = salaryStream.max(Double::compare);
System.out.println(maxSalary);
Optional<Employee> employee = employees.stream().min((e1, e2) -> Double.compare(e1.getSalary(), e2.getSalary()));
System.out.println(employee);
System.out.println();
employees.stream().forEach(System.out::println);
employees.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Stream的终止操作:归约
方法描述reduce(T iden, BinaryOperator b)可以将流中元素反复结合起来,得到一个值。返回Treduce(BinaryOperator b)可以将流中元素反复结合起来,得到一个值。返回Optional
- 备注:map 和reduce 的连接通常称为map-reduce 模式,因Google 用它来进行网络搜索而出名。
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest3 {
@Test
public void test3(){
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(72,25,32,34,43,56,81,15,29,71);
Integer sum = list.stream().reduce(0, Integer::sum);
System.out.println(sum);
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
Stream<Double> salaryStream = employees.stream().map(Employee::getSalary);
Optional<Double> sumMoney = salaryStream.reduce((d1,d2) -> d1 + d2);
System.out.println(sumMoney.get());
}
}
Stream的终止操作:收集
方法描述collect(Collector c)将流转换为其他形式。接收一个Collector接口的实现,用于给Stream中元素做汇总的方法
- Collector 接口中方法的实现决定了如何对流执行收集的操作(如收集到List、Set、Map)。
- 另外,Collectors 实用类提供了很多静态方法,可以方便地创建常见收集器实例,具体方法与实例如下表:
import github2.Employee;
import github2.EmployeeData;
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Optional;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;
import java.util.stream.Stream;
public class StreamAPITest3 {
@Test
public void test4() {
List<Employee> employees = EmployeeData.getEmployees();
List<Employee> employeeList = employees.stream().filter(e -> e.getSalary() > 6000).collect(Collectors.toList());
employeeList.forEach(System.out::println);
System.out.println("++++++++++++++++++");
Set<Employee> employeeSet = employees.stream().filter(e -> e.getSalary() > 6000).collect(Collectors.toSet());
employeeSet.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
Optional类
Optional类的介绍
- 到目前为止,臭名昭著的空指针异常是导致Java应用程序失败的最常见原因。以前,为了解决空指针异常,Google公司著名的Guava项目引入了Optional类,Guava通过使用检查空值的方式来防止代码污染,它鼓励程序员写更干净的代码。受到Google Guava的启发,Optional类已经成为Java 8类库的一部分。
- Optional 类(java.util.Optional) 是一个容器类,它可以保存类型T的值,代表这个值存在。或者仅仅保存null,表示这个值不存在。原来用null 表示一个值不存在,现在Optional 可以更好的表达这个概念。并且可以避免空指针异常。
- Optional类的Javadoc描述如下:这是一个可以为null的容器对象。如果值存在则isPresent()方法会返回true,调用get()方法会返回该对象。
- Optional提供很多有用的方法,这样我们就不用显式进行空值检测。
- 创建Optional类对象的方法:
- Optional.of(T t) : 创建一个Optional 实例,t必须非空;
- Optional.empty() : 创建一个空的Optional 实例
- Optional.ofNullable(T t):t可以为null
- 判断Optional容器中是否包含对象:
- boolean isPresent() : 判断是否包含对象
- void ifPresent(Consumer consumer) :如果有值,就执行Consumer接口的实现代码,并且该值会作为参数传给它。
- 获取Optional容器的对象:
- T get(): 如果调用对象包含值,返回该值,否则抛异常
- T orElse(T other) :如果有值则将其返回,否则返回指定的other对象。
- T orElseGet(Supplier other) :如果有值则将其返回,否则返回由Supplier接口实现提供的对象。
- T orElseThrow(Supplier exceptionSupplier) :如果有值则将其返回,否则抛出由Supplier接口实现提供的异常。
- Boy类
public class Boy {
private Girl girl;
public Boy() {
}
public Boy(Girl girl) {
this.girl = girl;
}
public Girl getGirl() {
return girl;
}
public void setGirl(Girl girl) {
this.girl = girl;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Boy{" +
"girl=" + girl +
'}';
}
}
- Girl类
public class Girl {
private String name;
public Girl() {
}
public Girl(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Girl{" +
"name='" + name + '\'' +
'}';
}
}
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Optional;
public class OptionalTest {
@Test
public void test(){
Girl girl = new Girl();
Optional<Girl> optionalGirl = Optional.of(girl);
}
@Test
public void test2(){
Girl girl = new Girl();
Optional<Girl> optionalGirl = Optional.ofNullable(girl);
System.out.println(optionalGirl);
Girl girl1 = optionalGirl.orElse(new Girl(""));
System.out.println(girl1);
}
}
Optional类的使用举例
- 测试类
import org.junit.Test;
import java.util.Optional;
public class OptionalTest {
@Test
public void test3(){
Boy boy = new Boy();
boy = null;
String girlName = getGirlName(boy);
System.out.println(girlName);
}
private String getGirlName(Boy boy) {
return boy.getGirl().getName();
}
public String getGirlName1(Boy boy){
if(boy != null){
Girl girl = boy.getGirl();
if(girl != null){
return girl.getName();
}
}
return null;
}
@Test
public void test4(){
Boy boy = new Boy();
boy = null;
String girlName = getGirlName1(boy);
System.out.println(girlName);
}
public String getGirlName2(Boy boy){
Optional<Boy> boyOptional = Optional.ofNullable(boy);
Boy boy1 = boyOptional.orElse(new Boy(new Girl("朱淑贞")));
Girl girl = boy1.getGirl();
Optional<Girl> girlOptional = Optional.ofNullable(girl);
Girl girl1 = girlOptional.orElse(new Girl("阿青"));
return girl1.getName();
}
@Test
public void test5(){
Boy boy = null;
boy = new Boy();
boy = new Boy(new Girl("李清照"));
String girlName = getGirlName2(boy);
System.out.println(girlName);
}
}
整个Java全栈系列都是笔者自己敲的笔记。写作不易,如果可以,点个赞呗!✌