在ubuntu18.04.6上安装python3.8.5

在Ubuntu18.04.6系统下安装python3.8.5

1.配置下载源

1.1 备份原有软件源文件 cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak_yyyymmdd

1.2 打开sources.list文件vim /etc/apt/sources.list

1.3 下载源配置

#阿里源地址
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.aliyun.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#华为源地址
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal main restricted
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates main restricted
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal universe
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal-updates universe
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal-backports main restricted universe
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal-security main restricted
deb https://repo.huaweicloud.com/ubuntu/ focal-security universe

#中科大源地址
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
#163源地址
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src http://mirrors.163.com/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse

#清华源地址
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-updates main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-backports main restricted universe ultiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-security main restricted universe multiverse
deb https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe multiverse
deb-src https://mirrors.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/ubuntu/ bionic-proposed main restricted universe ultiverse

1.4 更新系统软件源地址并下载python:

apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
wget https://mirrors.huaweicloud.com/python/3.8.5/Python-3.8.5.tgz 

1.5 下载 c 编译器

sudo apt install gcc
sudo apt install g++
sudo apt install build-essential

1.6 解压

tar -zxvf Python-3.8.5.tgz
cd Python-3.8.5
./configure --enable-optimizations --prefix=/usr/local/python3
make && make install

注意：若找不到./configure,删除解压后的文件夹和安装包，重新下载解压，然后安装

在执行make && make install 时报错(zipimport.ZipImportError: can’t decompress data)

解决思路：

1. 安装zlib相关依赖包 apt -y install zlib*

2. 修改Module路径下的Setup文件vim Modules/Setup，去掉注释

#zlib zlibmodule.c -I$(prefix)/include -L$(exec_prefix)/lib -lz
zlib zlibmodule.c -I$(prefix)/include -L$(exec_prefix)/lib -lz

3. 设置python和pip的环境变量

若系统自带了其他版本的python，对其进行重命名或删除操作

# 设置python环境变量
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/python3.8 /usr/bin/python
# 设置pip环境变量
ln -s /usr/local/python3/bin/pip3 /usr/bin/pip

4. 重新执行make && make install
   正确设置 pip3，避免There was a problem confirming the ssl certificate问题

pip config set global.extra-index-url http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple

此时可以看到 pip 自动生成了一个文件( /root/.config/pip/pip.conf)

编辑文件

vim /root/.config/pip/pip.conf

修改文件，配置如下

[global]
index-url = http://mirrors.aliyun.com/pypi/simple
extra-index-url = 
    http://pypi.douban.com/simple
    https://pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/simple
    http://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple
    http://pypi.hustunique.com

[install]
trusted-host = 
    mirrors.aliyun.com
    pypi.douban.com
    pypi.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn
    pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
    mirrors.ustc.edu.cn
    mirrors.bfsu.edu.cn
    pypi.hustunique.com