浅拷贝、深拷贝问题

import copy
a = [1,2,3,[4,5]]
b = a.copy()
c = copy.deepcopy(a)
d = a
e = a[:]

print("b -->", b)
print("c -->", c)
print("d -->", d)
print("e -->", e)
print("id(a) =",id(a), "    id(b) =", id(b),"   id(c) =", id(c),"   id(d) =", id(d),"   id(e) =", id(e))
print("b is a -->", b is a)   # False
print("c is a -->", c is a)   # False
print("d is a -->", d is a)   # True
print("e is a -->", e is a)   # False

a[0] = 7
a[3][0]=8

print("b -->", b)   # [1, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
print("c -->", c)   # [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
print("d -->", d)   # [7, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
print("e -->", e)   # [1, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
print("id(a) =",id(a), "    id(b) =", id(b),"   id(c) =", id(c),"   id(d) =", id(d),"   id(e) =", id(e))

print("b is a -->", b is a)
print("c is a -->", c is a)
print("d is a -->", d is a)
print("e is a -->", e is a)

运行结果

b --> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
c --> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
d --> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
e --> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
id(a) = 12846264     id(b) = 12846384    id(c) = 12893080    id(d) = 12846264    id(e) = 12893520
b is a --> False
c is a --> False
d is a --> True
e is a --> False
b --> [1, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
c --> [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
d --> [7, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
e --> [1, 2, 3, [8, 5]]
id(a) = 12846264     id(b) = 12846384    id(c) = 12893080    id(d) = 12846264    id(e) = 12893520
b is a --> False
c is a --> False
d is a --> True
e is a --> False

结论

b 浅拷贝，只变换二层及以上的内容
c 深拷贝，不变
d 复制，直接指向a，id 与 a 的 id 相同
e 浅拷贝，与b相同，id 不同