python进阶(十)_mysql数据查询

数据的准备

1. 创建一个数据库

   create database python_test_1 charset=utf8;
   

2. 使用一个数据库

   use python_test_1;
   

3. 显示使用的当前数据库是哪个

   select database();
   

4. 创建一个数据表

   -- students表
   create table students(
       id int unsigned primary key auto_increment not null,
       name varchar(20) default '',
       age tinyint unsigned default 0,
       height decimal(5,2),
       gender enum('男','女','中性','保密') default '保密',
       cls_id int unsigned default 0,
       is_delete bit default 0
   );
   -- classes表
   create table classes (
       id int unsigned auto_increment primary key not null,
       name varchar(30) not null
   );
   

5. 插入数据

   -- 向students表中插入数据
   insert into students values
   (0,'小明',18,180.00,2,1,0),
   (0,'小月月',18,180.00,2,2,1),
   (0,'刘德华',59,175.00,1,2,1),
   (0,'凤姐',28,150.00,4,2,1),
   (0,'王祖贤',18,172.00,2,1,1),
   (0,'周杰伦',36,NULL,1,1,0),
   (0,'程坤',27,181.00,1,2,0),
   (0,'刘亦菲',25,166.00,2,2,0),
   (0,'金星',33,162.00,3,3,1),
   (0,'静香',12,180.00,2,4,0),
   (0,'郭靖',12,170.00,1,4,0),
   (0,'周杰',34,176.00,2,5,0);
   
   -- 向classes表中插入数据
   insert into classes values (0, "python_01期"), (0, "python_02期");
   

查询

1. 查询所有字段
   select * from 表名;

   select * from students;
   select * from classes;
   

2. 查询指定字段
   select 列1,列2,… from 表名;

   select name,age from students;
   

3. 使用 as 给字段起别名
   select 字段1[as 别名1],字段2[as 别名2],…from 表名;

   select id as 序号, name as 名字, gender as 性别 from students;
   

4. 表名.字段名

   select students.id,students.name,students.gender from students;
   

5. 可以通过 as 给表起别名

   select s.id,s.name,s.gender from students as s;
   -- 错误:select students.id,students.name,students.gender from students as s
   

6. 消除重复行
   在select后面列前使用distinct可以消除重复的行
   select distinct 列1,… from 表名;

   select distinct gender from students;
   

条件查询

select …from 表名 where …;

1. 比较运算符

   • 等于: =
   • 大于: >
   • 大于等于: >=
   • 小于: <
   • 小于等于: <=
   • 不等于: != 或 <>

   -- >
   -- 查询大于18岁的信息
   select * from students where age>18;
   select id,name,gender from students where age>18;
   
   -- <
   -- 查询小于18岁的信息
   select * from students where age<18;
   
   -- >=
   -- <=
   -- 查询小于或者等于18岁的信息
   
   -- =
   -- 查询年龄为18岁的所有学生的名字
   select * from students where age=18;
   
   
   -- != 或者 <>
   

2. 逻辑运算符

   • and
   • or
   • not

   -- and
   -- 18到28之间的所以学生信息
   select * from students where age>18 and age<28;
   -- 失败select * from students where age>18 and <28;
   
   
   -- 18岁以上的女性
   select * from students where age>18 and gender="女";
   select * from students where age>18 and gender=2;
   
   
   -- or
   -- 18以上或者身高查过180(包含)以上
   select * from students where age>18 or height>=180;
   
   
   -- not
   -- 不在 18岁以上的女性 这个范围内的信息
   -- select * from students where not age>18 and gender=2;
   select * from students where not (age>18 and gender=2);
   
   -- 年龄不是小于或者等于18 并且是女性
   select * from students where (not age<=18) and gender=2;
   

3. 模糊查询

   • like
   • % 替换1个或者多个
   • _ 替换1个

   -- 查询姓名中 以 "小" 开始的名字
   select name from students where name="小";
   select name from students where name like "小%";
   
   -- 查询姓名中 有 "小" 所有的名字
   select name from students where name like "%小%";
   
   -- 查询有2个字的名字
       select name from students where name like "__";
   -- 查询有3个字的名字
   select name from students where name like "___";
   
   -- 查询至少有2个字的名字
   select name from students where name like "__%";
   

   • rlike 正则

   -- 查询以 周开始的姓名
   select name from students where name rlike "^周.*";
   
   -- 查询以 周开始、伦结尾的姓名
   select name from students where name rlike "^周.*伦$";
   

4. 范围查询

   • in (1, 3, 8)表示在一个非连续的范围内

   -- 查询 年龄为18、34的姓名
   select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34;
   select name,age from students where age=18 or age=34 or age=12;
   select name,age from students where age in (12, 18, 34);
   
   
   -- not in 不非连续的范围之内
   -- 年龄不是 18、34岁之间的信息
   select name,age from students where age not in (12, 18, 34);
   
   
   -- between ... and ...表示在一个连续的范围内
   -- 查询 年龄在18到34之间的的信息
   select name, age from students where age between 18 and 34;
   
       
   -- not between ... and ...表示不在一个连续的范围内
   -- 查询 年龄不在在18到34之间的的信息
   select * from students where age not between 18 and 34;
   select * from students where not age between 18 and 34;
   -- 失败的select * from students where age not (between 18 and 34);
   

5. 空判断

   • 判空is null

   -- 查询身高为空的信息
   select * from students where height is null;
   select * from students where height is NULL;
   select * from students where height is Null;
   
   -- 判非空is not null
   select * from students where height is not null;
   

6. 排序

   • order by 字段
   • asc从小到大排列，即升序
   • desc从大到小排序，即降序

   -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的男性，按照年龄从小到到排序
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1;
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age;
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=1 order by age asc;
   
   
   -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc;
   
   
   -- order by 多个字段
   -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,id desc;
   
   
   -- 查询年龄在18到34岁之间的女性，身高从高到矮排序, 如果身高相同的情况下按照年龄从小到大排序,
   -- 如果年龄也相同那么按照id从大到小排序
   select * from students where (age between 18 and 34) and gender=2 order by height desc,age asc,id desc;
   
   
   -- 按照年龄从小到大、身高从高到矮的排序
   select * from students order by age asc, height desc;
   

7. 聚合函数

   • 总数
   • count

   -- 查询男性有多少人，女性有多少人
   select * from students where gender=1;
   select count(*) from students where gender=1;
   select count(*) as 男性人数 from students where gender=1;
   select count(*) as 女性人数 from students where gender=2;
   

   • 最大值
   • max

   -- 查询最大的年龄
   select age from students;
   select max(age) from students;
   
   -- 查询女性的最高 身高
   select max(height) from students where gender=2;
   

   • 最小值
   • min
   • 求和
   • sum
   • 计算所有人的年龄总和

   select sum(age) from students;
   

   • 平均值
   • avg
   • 计算平均年龄

   select avg(age) from students;
   
   
   -- 计算平均年龄 sum(age)/count(*)
   select sum(age)/count(*) from students;
   

   • 四舍五入 round(123.23 , 1) 保留1位小数

   -- 计算所有人的平均年龄，保留2位小数
   select round(sum(age)/count(*), 2) from students;
   select round(sum(age)/count(*), 3) from students;
   
   -- 计算男性的平均身高 保留2位小数
   select round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
   -- select name, round(avg(height), 2) from students where gender=1;
   

8. 分组

   • group by

   -- 按照性别分组,查询所有的性别
   --select name from students group by gender;
   --select * from students group by gender;
   select gender from students group by gender;
   -- 失败select * from students group by gender;
   
   -- 计算每种性别中的人数
   select gender,count(*) from students group by gender;
   
   --显示每组的人是谁
   select gender,group_concat(name) from students group by gender;
   
   -- 计算男性的人数
   select gender,count(*) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
   

   • group_concat(…)

   -- 查询同种性别中的姓名
   select gender,group_concat(name) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
   select gender,group_concat(name, age, id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
   select gender,group_concat(name, "_", age, " ", id) from students where gender=1 group by gender;
   

   • having 对结果进行判断

   -- 查询平均年龄超过30岁的性别，以及姓名 having avg(age) > 30
   select gender, group_concat(name),avg(age) from students group by gender having avg(age)>30;
   
   -- 查询每种性别中的人数多于2个的信息
   select gender, group_concat(name) from students group by gender having count(*)>2;
   

9. 分页

   • limit start, count

   -- 限制查询出来的数据个数
   select * from students where gender=1 limit 2;
   
   -- 查询前5个数据
   select * from students limit 0, 5;
   
   -- 查询id6-10（包含）的书序
   select * from students limit 5, 5;
   
   
   -- 每页显示2个，第1个页面
   select * from students limit 0,2;
   
   -- 每页显示2个，第2个页面
   select * from students limit 2,2;
   
   -- 每页显示2个，第3个页面
   select * from students limit 4,2;
   
   -- 每页显示2个，第4个页面
   select * from students limit 6,2; -- -----> limit (第N页-1)*每个的个数, 每页的个数;
   
   -- 每页显示2个，显示第6页的信息, 按照年龄从小到大排序
   -- 失败select * from students limit 2*(6-1),2;
   -- 失败select * from students limit 10,2 order by age asc;
   select * from students order by age asc limit 10,2;
   
   select * from students where gender=2 order by height desc limit 0,2;
   

10. 连接查询

    • inner join … on(交集)
    • select … from 表A inner join 表B;

    --select ... from 表A inner join 表B;
    select * from students inner join classes;
    
    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息
    select * from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
    
    -- 按照要求显示姓名、班级
    select students.*, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
    select students.name, classes.name from students inner join classes on students.cls_id=classes.id;
    
    -- 给数据表起名字
    select s.name, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
    
    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息，显示学生的所有信息，只显示班级名称
    select s.*, c.name from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
    
    -- 在以上的查询中，将班级姓名显示在第1列
    select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
    
    -- 查询 有能够对应班级的学生以及班级信息, 按照班级进行排序
    -- select c.xxx s.xxx from student as s inner join clssses as c on .... order by ....;
    select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name;
    
    -- 当时同一个班级的时候，按照学生的id进行从小到大排序
    select c.name, s.* from students as s inner join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id order by c.name,s.id;
    

    • left join(以左边的数据表为基准,没有显示NULL)

    -- 查询每位学生对应的班级信息
    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id;
    
    -- 查询没有对应班级信息的学生
    -- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... where .....
    -- select ... from xxx as s left join xxx as c on..... having .....
    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id having c.id is null;
    select * from students as s left join classes as c on s.cls_id=c.id where c.id is null;
    

    • right join on
    • 将数据表名字互换位置，用left join完成

11. 自关联

    • 省级联动 url:http://demo.lanrenzhijia.com/2014/city0605/
    • 创建areas表的语句如下：

        create table areas(
        aid int primary key,
        atitle varchar(20),
        pid int
    );
    

    从sql文件中导入数据(数据网上很多自己找一下)

    source areas.sql;
    
    -- 查询所有省份
    select * from areas where pid is null;
    
    -- 查询出山东省有哪些市
    select * from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
    select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="山东省";
    
    -- 查询出青岛市有哪些县城
    select province.atitle, city.atitle from areas as province inner join areas as city on city.pid=province.aid having province.atitle="青岛市";
    select * from areas where pid=(select aid from areas where atitle="青岛市")
    

12. 子查询

    • 标量子查询

    -- 查询出高于平均身高的信息
    
    -- 查询最高的男生信息
    select * from students where height = 188;
    select * from students where height = (select max(height) from students);
    select * from areas where pid = (select aid from areas where atitle="山东省");
    
    

    • 列级子查询

    -- 查询学生的班级号能够对应的学生信息
    select * from students where cls_id in (select id from classes);