什么样的人才能做互联网产品经理【爬取拉勾网招聘信息】

分析目的

在这个校招如火如荼的季节，相信大家对各种招聘网站已经再熟（yan）悉（fan）不过了，各种java开发、算法、前端、后端岗位真的是琳琅满目，而我觉得其中与我的个人兴趣和专业匹配度最高的就是产品经理了，但怎么制作适合产品经理的简历呢，我们就从产品经理的招聘信息中找找答案吧。

数据抓取

数据来源

选择了专门做互联网招聘的拉勾网（https://www.lagou.com/）作为数据来源。访问官网首页，我们发现需要登陆，登陆后，我们可以看到“产品经理"的分类入口。

数据获取

到这里我们应该就明白我们需要抓取的第一个东西了，那就是每个产品经理岗位的url，再通过详细页面的url获取职位的要求。
废话少说，直接上代码（代码里有注释）

import requests
import re
from lxml import etree
import random
import time

headers1 = {"User-Agent":"Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) \
            Chrome/64.0.3282.186 Safari/537.36"}
# 请求头是必须要有的，才能不被认为是机器人

# 用xpath 获取数据，xptext为xpath语句
def get_list_xpget(url,xptext,cookies_dict):
    try:
        file = requests.get(url, headers=headers1,cookies=cookies_dict)
        file.encoding = 'UTF-8'
        req1 = file.text
        soup = etree.HTML(req1)
        get_content = soup.xpath(xptext)
        return get_content
    except Exception as e:
        print('错误的信息为%s' % e)
        return ""


# 用正则获取数据，retext为正则表达式
def get_list_reget(url,retext):
    try:
        file = requests.get(url, headers=headers1)
        file.encoding = 'UTF-8'
        req1 = file.text
        #pp = re.compile(r'xxx(.*?)xxx')#
        #cc = pp.findall(txt)
        get_content = re.findall(retext, req1, re.S)
        return get_content
    except Exception as e:
        print('错误的信息为%s' % e)
        return ""
'''
以上是自己比较喜欢的爬虫方式，于是就封装成了两个函数，大家可以写到一个文件里，
以后就可以直接调用，不用去处理requests了。
'''


def main():
# 既然需要登陆，那就第一个想到要用cookie啦
    cookies_str = '你的cookie（通过浏览器开发者工具获得）'
    cookies_dict = {}   # 将字符串cookie封装成字典
    for cookie in cookies_str.split(";"):
        k, v = cookie.split("=", 1)
        cookies_dict[k.strip()] = v.strip()
    url_dict={} 
   #xpath语句，我就直接从谷歌浏览器开发者工具中复制了，当然也可以查看网页源代码自己写
    xp_res_name = '//*[@id="s_position_list"]/ul/li/div[1]/div[1]/div[1]/a/@href'
    #爬取1-31页的数据
    for i in range(1,31):
        '''
        通过分析url和自己尝试，本来以为sid是个随机生成的 但发现没有毛用
        sid = random.sample('aabbccddeeff11223344556677889900',32)
        sid = "".join(sid)
        '''
        url = 'https://www.lagou.com/zhaopin/chanpinjingli1/{}/'.format(str(i))
        print(url)
        content = get_list_xpget(url=url, xptext=xp_res_name, cookies_dict=cookies_dict)
        print(content)
        url_dict[str(i)] = str(content)
        print("———第{}页———".format(i))
        time.sleep(random.randint(2,5))  # 休息以下，操作频率不会太快
        print(url_dict)
    with open("url_list.json",'a',encoding='utf-8') as f:
        f.write(str(url_dict))  #存入json文件  当然也可以是txt 数据库等

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()
    

结果如图：发现第一二页可以获取，但第三页就抓取不到了，怎么回事呢？（尝试了sid随机生成也不太行，但感觉就是sid的问题，到一定的时间sid就会变化，而使用新的sid作为url的参数就能够爬到数据，我也没搞清楚是什么原因，希望有大佬指点），用了暴力手法——人工换url爬取到了前十一页的数据。

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  "1": ["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6356215.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6354364.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6377724.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6380457.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5666856.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5230440.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5230434.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373587.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6379516.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6380642.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5668820.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6382449.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5851001.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381832.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6374900.html?show=0297bb9df2da4d659f1a85ded902631e"],
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  "3":["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6247347.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6281728.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5913933.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6382238.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381739.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6380413.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381046.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6371800.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6016485.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6350172.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6371749.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6376925.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6376462.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373690.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5897534.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964"],
  "4":["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5132825.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/4955832.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5824114.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6374428.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6383694.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6063992.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6377356.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6376633.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6374737.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6379718.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6090296.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6173806.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381933.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6096606.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6153504.html?show=629765a1f4b54bb796de689b198c4964"],
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  "9": ["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6383535.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373952.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6376692.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6365689.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378005.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373386.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6382899.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378049.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6382116.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381406.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373717.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381230.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6379559.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6376116.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6383185.html?show=259c1fb28457019dbdce80a6f76a43e3"],
  "10": ["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6383185.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378304.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373709.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6375911.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6381249.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373014.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378706.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378717.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6370685.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6243814.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373507.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6373268.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5859114.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6147630.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6013787.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a"],
  "11": ["https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6178187.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/4929910.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6213598.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5706383.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6378238.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6334377.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6372920.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6377079.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5971590.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6362846.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5566210.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6322035.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/4314647.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/6326782.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a", "https://www.lagou.com/jobs/5702496.html?show=46f4ea1662b841c8864919a201c1b58a"]
}

然后就可以根据每个职位的url进行详细页面的爬取，这里其实都不需要cookie的。还是直接讲代码。

import json
from spider import spd  #这就是我之前封装的requests的函数
import time
import random


#获取想要的职位要求的信息
def get_content(url,times):
    print("爬取的网页：",url)   
    content = spd.get_list_xpget(url=url, xptext='//*[@class="job_bt"]//text()')
    time.sleep(random.randint(2, 4))
    content = "".join(content) # 将爬取到的list数据转换为str字符串
    print(content)
    '''
    第一次会发现还是会出现有些网页爬取不到，检查了请求头、xpath语句，还是不行，但重试几次就可以获取到想要的信息。
    因此在这里写了一个判断，如果尝试了四次还是爬取不到，就将未爬取到内容的url append进no_url 列表中。
    
    '''
    if content == '' and times <= 3:
        print("retry", times)
        times +=1
        get_content(url,times)  #  递归
    elif content == '' and times > 3:
        no_url.append(url)
    else:   #爬取到的内容存入txt文件中
        with open("detail2.txt", "a", encoding="utf-8") as f:
            f.write(content + "\n")


# 加载url 从json文件中读取每一页的url
output_file = open('url_list.json').read()
url_json = json.loads(output_file)
print(url_json)



for i in range(1,12):   # 一到十二页
     url_list = url_json[str(i)]
     for url in url_list:
         get_content(url,0)
if len(no_url)!=0:
	no_url1= no_url
    no_url = []
	for url in no_url1:
	        get_content(url,0)

获得的数据长这样。

接下来就可以直接做分词，词频统计，绘制词云了。

import re
from wordcloud import WordCloud   # 词云需要用到wordcloud这个包
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import jieba


txt = open("detail2.txt", encoding="utf-8").read()
txt = re.sub("[\s+\.\!\/_,:\[\];$%^*)(+\"\']+|[+—-—～！，：；。（）？、”“~@#￥%……&*【】（）]+", "", txt)
#去除空格、换行、标点等符号

def countword(txt):
    stopwords = [line.strip() for line in open("CS.txt",encoding="utf-8").readlines()]
    words  = jieba.lcut(txt)
    print(words)
    counts = {}
    for word in words:
        #不在停用词表中
        if word not in stopwords:
            counts[word] = counts.get(word,0) + 1
    items = list(counts.items())
    items.sort(key=lambda x:x[1], reverse=True)
    for i in range(len(items)):
        word, count = items[i]
        if count<10:
            continue
        print ("{:<10}{:>7}".format(word, count))
    return items



if __name__ == '__main__':
    countword(txt)
    text = ' '.join(jieba.cut(txt))   # 分词
    words = WordCloud(font_path="fzqkbys.TTF", background_color="white" ).generate(text)
    plt.imshow(words)
    plt.axis("off")
    plt.show()

总结

通过以上数据，我们可以看到产品经理的职位要求围绕产品、数据分析、业务三个关键词展开，同时有对学历的要求，本科及以上学历，有经验要求，经验优先，有运营能力的更佳。
要想做产品经理，你的简历，你的方向应该如何？我们可以罗列以下几条：

1. 较强产品观念，尽量参加一些具体产品的研发过程，不一定必须是去做产品需求，专门负责产品经理的任务，包括产品运营、产品设计、产品开发都会给自己产品经理简历加分。重点就是需要有具体产品可以去讲述。
2. 数据分析能力，现如今做产品就与数据分不开了，经理需要通过数据来分析用户需求、用户喜好，从而去提出改进意见，推动版本迭代。而数据分析的能力如何体现呢？我觉得可以从数据获取能力，对数据的敏感度，参与数据分析项目，掌握数据分析工具SPSS、MATLAB、EXCEL、STATA、R、PYTHON等。
3. 清楚业务逻辑，不同行业、不同企业、不同部门都有自己的业务流程，针对B端的产品，要求产品经理最好能熟悉或者接触过该类型企业的业务，能够在较短时间内，梳理出清晰的业务流程，逻辑清楚地绘制业务流程图，为后续产品设计提供支撑。而针对C端产品，其业务流程需要产品经理以第一视角去了解和梳理，能够从业务流程中发现问题，提供解决方案。
4. 用户需求驱动，一名合格的产品经理一定是一名优秀的需求分析师，所以要具备很强的需求分析、需求获取、需求设计能力。所以要能写出优秀的PRD文档（http://www.woshipm.com/tag/prd）可以看看隔壁网站中关于PRD的教程和文章，学会PRD文档的撰写。

产品 878	协调 104
能力 362	项目 97
经验 265	具备 96
用户 257	体验 85
需求 238	数据分析 85
负责 232	规划 84
数据 220	以上学历 80
工作 219	平台 77
分析 189	任职 76
业务 180	行业 76
设计 153	产品设计 75
相关 131	互联网 75
优先 129	本科 74
运营 127	熟悉 74
优化 125	持续 70
沟通 125	提升 69
团队 120	推动 69