c++string类构造及常用函数

#include <iostream>
#include <string>
using namespace std;

//c++string处理常用函数
int main()
{
    string str1 = "abcdefg";
    string str2("12345");
    string str3(5,'c');       // "ccccc"
    string str4(str1,2,3);      // "cde"  从【2】开始的3个字符

    //赋值
    cout << str2.assign("asdfghj",2,3) <<endl;    // str2 = "asdfghj"从【2】开始的3个字符  return str2;

    //拷贝
    char *str5;
    str5 = (char*)malloc(10);
    cout << "copy: "<< str1.copy(str5,3,2) << endl;  //取str1 len = 3 从【2】开始  拷贝str5中 str5必须为char*且分配了足够的空间 返回成功拷贝的字符数
    cout << str5 << endl;

        //尽量避免以下
    string str6 = "xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx";
    cout << "copy: "<< str1.copy((char*)&str6,3,2) << endl;     //重新声明char *变量   和  强转char*没有区别
    //cout << str6 << endl;         //error  段错误
    cout << (char *)&str6 << endl;      //打印  "dfg" 之后的"xxxx"不打印 应该是再dfg后加了‘\0’

    const char *p2;
    p2 = str1.data();   //data()  一定要加const
    cout << p2 <<endl;

    //取值
    cout << str1.at(3) << endl;     //取【3】
    cout << str1.substr(3) << endl;  //取从【3】开始的u全部
    cout << str1.substr(3,2) << endl;   //取从【3】开始的 len=2

    //容量
    cout << "容量" << endl;
    cout << str1.capacity() << endl;    //15    //分配的空间不代表实际长度
    cout << str1.size() << endl;        //7
    cout << str1.length() << endl;      //7   和size一样
    cout << str1.empty() << endl;       //0     //不空为0  空为1  指size，length
    cout << str1.max_size() << endl;    //当前最大允许的字符串长度  9223372036854775807

    str1.reserve(3);
    cout << str1 << endl;               //为容器预留足够的空间，避免不必要的重复分配。
    cout << str1.capacity() << endl;    //小于原本capacity不起任何作用

    str1.resize(3);
    cout << str1 << endl;       // 结果：abc 多余的字符被截掉
    cout << str1.size() << endl;  //结果：3

    //比较
    string s1 = "012345678";    //   \0
    string s2 = "0123456789";   //   9
    cout << s1.compare(s2) << endl; //  s1 < s2 为负   结果：-1
    cout << s1.compare(3,2,s2);     //  s1取【3】开始的2个字符  和 s2比较。
    cout << s1.compare(3,2,s2,3,3); //  s1取【3】开始的2个字符  s1取【3】开始的3个字符

    //查找
    cout << "查找\n";     //没找到返回 string::npos  即  18446744073709551615
    cout << s1.find("345") << endl;     //返回"345"在s1位置， 即'3'的下标  【3】
    cout << s1.find("345",2) << endl;   //从【2】开始查， 返回【3】
    cout << s1.find("345",2,5) << endl;   //从【2】开始查，向后查10位到【11】（包括【11】） 返回【3】

    //迭代器与逆向迭代器
    cout << "iterator：\n";
    string::iterator it1 = s1.begin();   //it1  ->  '0'
    string::iterator it2 = s1.end();     //it2  ->  '\0'
    while(it1 != it2)
        cout << *it1++ <<endl;   //cout << *it1;    it++;

    string::reverse_iterator it3 = s1.rbegin();   //it3 ->  '8'
    string::reverse_iterator it4 = s1.rend();   //it4 ->  '0'前一位
    while(it3 != it4)
        cout << *it3++ <<endl;   //cout << *it3;    it++;    reverse_iterator ++时，向左走;

    //插入
    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.insert(s1.begin(),'q');
    cout << s1 << endl;         //q012345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.insert(s1.begin(),5,'q');
    cout << s1 << endl;         //qqqqq012345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.insert(2,5,'q');
    cout << s1 << endl;         //01qqqqq2345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.insert(3,"abc");
    cout << s1 << endl;         //012abc345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.insert(3,"abcdef",2,3);
    cout << s1 << endl;         //012cde345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s2 = "asd";
    s1.insert(s1.begin(),s2.begin(),s2.end());
    cout << s1 << endl;         //asd012345678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s2 = "asd";
    s1.insert(s1.begin(),s2.rbegin(),s2.rend());
    cout << s1 << endl;         //dsa012345678

    //替换
    cout << "替换\n";
    s1 = "012345678";
    s2 = "asd";
    s1.replace(3,2,s2);         //s1的[3],len=2  用s2替换           //前两位可以用iterator代替
    cout << s1 << endl;         //012asd5678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.replace(3,2,(char *)&s2);
    cout << s1 << endl;         //  012@黚5678
    //s2 有两块空间，一块存符号s1, 一块存 字符数组（字符串）
    //类似char* 与 char[]; string类似c语言中char *  详情见：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_42948022/article/details/101758348

    s1 = "012345678";
    char char_tmp[4] = "asd";
    s1.replace(3,2,(char *)&char_tmp);                                  //前两位可以用iterator代替
    cout << s1 << endl;         //  012asd5678

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.replace(3,2,s2,1,2);     //s1的[3],len=2  用s2的[1],len=2 替换    //前两位可以用iterator代替

    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.replace(3,2,3,'a');      //s1的[3],len=2  用3个'a' 替换           //前两位可以用iterator代替

    //交换
    cout << "交换" << endl;
    s1 = "012345678";
    s2 = "asd";
    swap(s1,s2);
    cout << s1 << endl;
    cout << s2 << endl;

    //删除
    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.erase(3,2);       //删除 s1的[3],len=2
    cout << s1 << endl;
    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.erase(3);         //删除 s1的[3],len= +00
    cout << s1 << endl;
    s1 = "012345678";
    s1.erase();           //删除所有
    cout << s1 << endl;

    return 0;
}