32. 最长有效括号

给你一个只包含 ‘(’ 和 ‘)’ 的字符串，找出最长有效（格式正确且连续）括号子串的长度。

示例 1：

输入：s = “(()”
输出：2
解释：最长有效括号子串是 “()”
示例 2：

输入：s = “)()())”
输出：4
解释：最长有效括号子串是 “()()”
示例 3：

输入：s = “”
输出：0

提示：

0 <= s.length <= 3 * 104
s[i] 为 ‘(’ 或 ‘)’

来源：力扣（LeetCode）
链接：https://leetcode-cn.com/problems/longest-valid-parentheses
著作权归领扣网络所有。商业转载请联系官方授权，非商业转载请注明出处。

//递归加剪枝  超出时间限制
/*class Solution {
    int result = Integer.MIN_VALUE;
    public int longestValidParentheses(String s) {
        if(s==null) return 0;
        int[] memo = new int[s.length()];
        dfs(s,0,0,0,0,memo);
        return result;
    }
    public void dfs(String s,int start,int leftcount,int rightcount,int sum,int[] memo){
        if(leftcount<rightcount) return;
        if(leftcount==rightcount){
            result = Math.max(result,sum);
        }
        if(start==s.length()) return;
        dfs(s,start+1,0,0,0,memo);
        if(s.charAt(start)=='('){ 
            dfs(s,start+1,leftcount+1,rightcount,sum+1,memo);
        }else{
            if(leftcount>rightcount) dfs(s,start+1,leftcount,rightcount+1,sum+1,memo);
        }
    }
}*/
//动态规划

/*public class Solution {
    public int longestValidParentheses(String s) {
        int maxans = 0;
        int[] dp = new int[s.length()];
        for (int i = 1; i < s.length(); i++) {
            if (s.charAt(i) == ')') {
                if (s.charAt(i - 1) == '(') {
                    dp[i] = (i >= 2 ? dp[i - 2] : 0) + 2;
                } else if (i - dp[i - 1] > 0 && s.charAt(i - dp[i - 1] - 1) == '(') {
                    dp[i] = dp[i - 1] + ((i - dp[i - 1]) >= 2 ? dp[i - dp[i - 1] - 2] : 0) + 2;
                }
                maxans = Math.max(maxans, dp[i]);
            }
        }
        return maxans;
    }
}*/
//栈
/*public class Solution {
    public int longestValidParentheses(String s) {
        int maxans = 0;
        Deque<Integer> stack = new LinkedList<Integer>();
        stack.push(-1);
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
            if (s.charAt(i) == '(') {
                stack.push(i);
            } else {
                stack.pop();
                if (stack.isEmpty()) {
                    stack.push(i);
                } else {
                    maxans = Math.max(maxans, i - stack.peek());
                }
            }
        }
        return maxans;
    }
}*/
//前后遍历
/*public class Solution {
    public int longestValidParentheses(String s) {
        int left = 0, right = 0, maxlength = 0;
        for (int i = 0; i < s.length(); i++) {
            if (s.charAt(i) == '(') {
                left++;
            } else {
                right++;
            }
            if (left == right) {
                maxlength = Math.max(maxlength, 2 * right);
            } else if (right > left) {
                left = right = 0;
            }
        }
        left = right = 0;
        for (int i = s.length() - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
            if (s.charAt(i) == '(') {
                left++;
            } else {
                right++;
            }
            if (left == right) {
                maxlength = Math.max(maxlength, 2 * left);
            } else if (left > right) {
                left = right = 0;
            }
        }
        return maxlength;
    }
}*/