Python基础学习笔记——类与对象

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Day14

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1.class后面紧接着是类名，即Student，类名通常是大写开头的单词，紧接着是(object)，表示该类是从哪个类继承下来的

class Student(object):
    pass
tt = Student()
print(tt) #<__main__.Student object at 0x000002366AF8C9C8>
print(type(Student)) #<class 'type'>
tt.name = 'James'
print(tt.name) #James

2.__init__方法的第一个参数永远是self，表示创建的实例本身，因此，在__init__方法内部，就可以把各种属性绑定到self，因为self就指向创建的实例本身。

class Student(object):
    
#  __init__ 方法:
    def __init__(self,name,score):
        self.name = name
        self.score = score
person1 = Student('Tom',100)
print(person1.name) # Tom
print(person1.score) # 100

#  数据封装
def thescore(mark):
    print('%s:%s'%(mark.name,mark.score))
thescore(person1) # Tom:100

有了__init__方法，在创建实例的时候，就不能传入空的参数了，必须传入与__init__方法匹配的参数，但self不需要传，Python解释器自己会把实例变量传进去
3.get_name方法和set_score方法

class Student(object):
    def __init__(self, name, gender):
        self.name = name
        self.__gender = gender
    def get_gender(self):
        return self.__gender
    def set_gender(self,gender):
        if gender == 'male' or gender == 'female':
            self.__gender = gender
        else:
            raise ValueError('Bad gender') 
# 测试:
bart = Student('Bart', 'female')
if bart.get_gender() != 'female':
    print('测试失败!')
else:
    bart.set_gender('male')
    if bart.get_gender() != 'male':
        print('测试失败!')
    else:
        print('测试成功!')
#测试成功

4.继承和多态
当我们定义一个class的时候，可以从某个现有的class继承，新的class称为子类（Subclass），而被继承的class称为基类、父类或超类（Base class、Super class）。

class Plant(object):
    def still(self):
        print('Plant is still.')
class Tree(Plant):
    pass

class Grass(Plant):
    pass

tree = Tree()
tree.still()

grass = Grass() # Plant is still.
grass.still()   # Plant is still.

当子类和父类都存在相同的run()方法时，我们说，子类的run()覆盖了父类的run()，在代码运行的时候，总是会调用子类的run()。

class Plant(object):
    def still(self):
        print('Plant is still.')
            
class Tree(Plant):
    def still(self):   # 子类与父类都有still()方法时，父类会被覆盖
        print('Tree is still.')

class Grass(Plant):
    def still(self):
        print('Grass is still.')

tree = Tree()
tree.still()

grass = Grass() # Tree is still.
grass.still()   # Grass is still.

print('\n')

# 多态

def still_twice(sth):
    sth.still()
    sth.still()
still_twice(Plant())

still_twice(Tree())

class Flower(Plant):
    def still(self):
        print('Flower is beautiful')
still_twice(Flower())

Tree is still.
Grass is still.


Plant is still.
Plant is still.
Tree is still.
Tree is still.
Flower is beautiful
Flower is beautiful

5.hasattr(),setattr(),getattr()

class Hi(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.x = 9
    def power(self):
        return self.x*self.x
obj = Hi()
# hasattr(obj,'x') 判断这个对象是否有属性'x'
print(hasattr(obj,'x'),hasattr(obj,'y')) # True False
print(setattr(obj,'y',10)) # 添加一个属性'y'
print(hasattr(obj,'y')) # True
print(getattr(obj,'y')) # 10
print(obj.x) #获取属性'x'  9
getattr(obj, 'z', 404) # 获取属性'z'，如果不存在，返回默认值404