JPEG原理分析及JPEG解码器的调试

一、JPEG编码原理

在这里插入图片描述
1.将RGB转换为YUV空间。(相关性较小)
2.零偏置。(使最大的绝对值大的无符号数变为绝对值小的有符号数,减小数据平均的位数,例如0~255变为-128~127)
3.做8*8DCT变换。(区分DC与AC成分,便于后续处理)
4.细量化低频粗量化高频。(利用人眼对高频不敏感的特性节省空间)
5.针对DC系数使用DPCM编码。(相邻变化幅度较小,适合DPCM)
6.针对AC系数使用Z型扫描随后使用游程编码。(压缩掉大量的0)
7.对DC与AC分别做哈夫曼编码。(减少空间)

JPEG解码为编码的逆过程,了解编码方式方便解码。

二、JPEG解码原理

1.JPEG文件格式

在这里插入图片描述

2.整体分析

查阅loadjpeg.c中的主函数得知该程序先通过输入的参数来决定输出的格式,然后load_multiple_times函数多次使用tinyjpeg_parse_header函数读取jpeg文件头,tinyjpeg_parse_header使用parse_JFIF函数来解析每个标识符,依次解析SOF、DQT、SOS、DHT、DRI。

parse_JFIF:

static int parse_JFIF(struct jdec_private *priv, const unsigned char *stream)
{
  int chuck_len;
  int marker;
  int sos_marker_found = 0;
  int dht_marker_found = 0;
  const unsigned char *next_chunck;

  /* Parse marker */
  while (!sos_marker_found)
   {
     if (*stream++ != 0xff)
       goto bogus_jpeg_format;
     /* Skip any padding ff byte (this is normal) */
     while (*stream == 0xff)
       stream++;

     marker = *stream++;
     chuck_len = be16_to_cpu(stream);
     next_chunck = stream + chuck_len;
     switch (marker)
      {
       case SOF:
	 if (parse_SOF(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       case DQT:
	 if (parse_DQT(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       case SOS:
	 if (parse_SOS(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 sos_marker_found = 1;
	 break;
       case DHT:
	 if (parse_DHT(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 dht_marker_found = 1;
	 break;
       case DRI:
	 if (parse_DRI(priv, stream) < 0)
	   return -1;
	 break;
       default:
#if TRACE
	fprintf(p_trace,"> Unknown marker %2.2x\n", marker);
	fflush(p_trace);
#endif
	 break;
      }

     stream = next_chunck;
   }

  if (!dht_marker_found) {
#if TRACE
	  fprintf(p_trace,"No Huffman table loaded, using the default one\n");
	  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
    build_default_huffman_tables(priv);
  }

#ifdef SANITY_CHECK
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor)
      || (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Horizontal sampling factor for Y should be greater than horitontal sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor)
      || (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor < priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Vertical sampling factor for Y should be greater than vertical sampling factor for Cb or Cr\n");
  if (   (priv->component_infos[cCb].Hfactor!=1) 
      || (priv->component_infos[cCr].Hfactor!=1)
      || (priv->component_infos[cCb].Vfactor!=1)
      || (priv->component_infos[cCr].Vfactor!=1))
    snprintf(error_string, sizeof(error_string),"Sampling other than 1x1 for Cr and Cb is not supported");
#endif

  return 0;
bogus_jpeg_format:
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"Bogus jpeg format\n");
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  return -1;
}
3.结构体功能

huffman_table结构体:
存储快速查找表、码字长度和慢速查找表。

struct huffman_table
{
  /* Fast look up table, using HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS bits we can have directly the symbol,
   * if the symbol is <0, then we need to look into the tree table */
  short int lookup[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* code size: give the number of bits of a symbol is encoded */
  unsigned char code_size[HUFFMAN_HASH_SIZE];
  /* some place to store value that is not encoded in the lookup table 
   * FIXME: Calculate if 256 value is enough to store all values
   */
  uint16_t slowtable[16-HUFFMAN_HASH_NBITS][256];
};

component结构体:
存储水平采样因子、垂直采样因子,前一个直流系数,dct变换后的值,哈夫曼表和量化表。

struct component 
{
  unsigned int Hfactor;
  unsigned int Vfactor;
  float *Q_table;		/* Pointer to the quantisation table to use */
  struct huffman_table *AC_table;
  struct huffman_table *DC_table;
  short int previous_DC;	/* Previous DC coefficient */
  short int DCT[64];		/* DCT coef */
#if SANITY_CHECK
  unsigned int cid;
#endif
};

jdec_private结构体:
存储jpeg中一个块的定义和信息

struct jdec_private
{
  /* Public variables */
  uint8_t *components[COMPONENTS];
  unsigned int width, height;	/* Size of the image */
  unsigned int flags;

  /* Private variables */
  const unsigned char *stream_begin, *stream_end;
  unsigned int stream_length;

  const unsigned char *stream;	/* Pointer to the current stream */
  unsigned int reservoir, nbits_in_reservoir;

  struct component component_infos[COMPONENTS];
  float Q_tables[COMPONENTS][64];		/* quantization tables */
  struct huffman_table HTDC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* DC huffman tables   */
  struct huffman_table HTAC[HUFFMAN_TABLES];	/* AC huffman tables   */
  int default_huffman_table_initialized;
  int restart_interval;
  int restarts_to_go;				/* MCUs left in this restart interval */
  int last_rst_marker_seen;			/* Rst marker is incremented each time */

  /* Temp space used after the IDCT to store each components */
  uint8_t Y[64*4], Cr[64], Cb[64];

  jmp_buf jump_state;
  /* Internal Pointer use for colorspace conversion, do not modify it !!! */
  uint8_t *plane[COMPONENTS];

};
4.TRACE的功能
#if XXX
...
#endif

该格式可根据if后面的条件是否为真来决定是否编译#if与#endif中间的代码,所以程序中的#if TRACE即为一部分代码的开关,TRACE为1时执行那些代码,输出trace_jpeg.txt文件。
TRACE的定义在tinyjpeg.h中,将TRACE修改为0即可关闭部分代码。

5.输出量化矩阵

该程序使用build_quantization_table生成量化矩阵,在该函数下方添加输出代码即可。

#if TRACE
  const unsigned char* outzigzag = zigzag;
  for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) 
  {
      for (int j = 0; j < 8; j++) 
      {
          fprintf(p_trace, "%d     ", ref_table[*outzigzag++]);
      }
      fprintf(p_trace, "\n");
  }
#endif

输出的量化矩阵:
在这里插入图片描述

6.输出哈夫曼码表

该程序使用build_huffman_table生成哈夫曼码表。

输出的哈夫曼码表:
在这里插入图片描述

7.输出解码图像

原程序将yuv分别输出到了三个文件中,更改后将yuv均写入同一个文件即可得到yuv文件。
在这里插入图片描述

查阅实验所用jpg文件得知图像分辨率为1024*1024,用该分辨率查看得到的yuv文件即可得到正确图像。
在这里插入图片描述

8.输出DC、AC图像

由JPEG编码过程得知DC分量经过DPCM与哈夫曼编码后变为jpeg直流数据,解码时jpeg数据经过哈夫曼解码与dpcm解码后得到DC分量。该程序中tinyjpeg_decode用于解码,所以修改tinyjpeg_decode函数。

tinyjpeg_decode:

int tinyjpeg_decode(struct jdec_private *priv, int pixfmt)
{
  unsigned int x, y, xstride_by_mcu, ystride_by_mcu;
  unsigned int bytes_per_blocklines[3], bytes_per_mcu[3];
  decode_MCU_fct decode_MCU;
  const decode_MCU_fct *decode_mcu_table;
  const convert_colorspace_fct *colorspace_array_conv;
  convert_colorspace_fct convert_to_pixfmt;
  /*---------------here------------------*/
  FILE* out_DC;
  FILE* out_AC;
  out_DC = fopen("out_DC.yuv", "wb");
  out_AC = fopen("out_AC.yuv", "wb");
  unsigned char* out_DC_Buf;
  unsigned char* out_AC_Buf;
  /*---------------here------------------*/

  if (setjmp(priv->jump_state))
    return -1;

  /* To keep gcc happy initialize some array */
  bytes_per_mcu[1] = 0;
  bytes_per_mcu[2] = 0;
  bytes_per_blocklines[1] = 0;
  bytes_per_blocklines[2] = 0;

  decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_3comp_table;
  switch (pixfmt) {
     case TINYJPEG_FMT_YUV420P:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_yuv420p;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
       if (priv->components[1] == NULL)
	 priv->components[1] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
       if (priv->components[2] == NULL)
	 priv->components[2] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height/4);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
       bytes_per_blocklines[1] = priv->width/4;
       bytes_per_blocklines[2] = priv->width/4;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
       bytes_per_mcu[1] = 4;
       bytes_per_mcu[2] = 4;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_RGB24:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_rgb24;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_BGR24:
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_bgr24;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height * 3);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width * 3;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 3*8;
       break;

     case TINYJPEG_FMT_GREY:
       decode_mcu_table = decode_mcu_1comp_table;
       colorspace_array_conv = convert_colorspace_grey;
       if (priv->components[0] == NULL)
	 priv->components[0] = (uint8_t *)malloc(priv->width * priv->height);
       bytes_per_blocklines[0] = priv->width;
       bytes_per_mcu[0] = 8;
       break;

     default:
#if TRACE
		 fprintf(p_trace,"Bad pixel format\n");
		 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
       return -1;
  }

  xstride_by_mcu = ystride_by_mcu = 8;
  if ((priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor | priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor) == 1) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[0];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[0];
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x1 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Hfactor == 1) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[1];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[1];
     ystride_by_mcu = 16;
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 1x2 sampling (not supported)\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else if (priv->component_infos[cY].Vfactor == 2) {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[3];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[3];
     xstride_by_mcu = 16;
     ystride_by_mcu = 16;
#if TRACE 
	 fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x2 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  } else {
     decode_MCU = decode_mcu_table[2];
     convert_to_pixfmt = colorspace_array_conv[2];
     xstride_by_mcu = 16;
#if TRACE
     fprintf(p_trace,"Use decode 2x1 sampling\n");
	 fflush(p_trace);
#endif
  }

  resync(priv);

  /* Don't forget to that block can be either 8 or 16 lines */
  bytes_per_blocklines[0] *= ystride_by_mcu;
  bytes_per_blocklines[1] *= ystride_by_mcu;
  bytes_per_blocklines[2] *= ystride_by_mcu;

  bytes_per_mcu[0] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
  bytes_per_mcu[1] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;
  bytes_per_mcu[2] *= xstride_by_mcu/8;

  /* Just the decode the image by macroblock (size is 8x8, 8x16, or 16x16) */
  for (y=0; y < priv->height/ystride_by_mcu; y++)
   {
     //trace("Decoding row %d\n", y);
     priv->plane[0] = priv->components[0] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[0]);
     priv->plane[1] = priv->components[1] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[1]);
     priv->plane[2] = priv->components[2] + (y * bytes_per_blocklines[2]);
     for (x=0; x < priv->width; x+=xstride_by_mcu)
      {
	decode_MCU(priv);
  /*-----------------------------------here-------------------------------------*/
    out_DC_Buf = (unsigned char)((priv->component_infos->DCT[0] + 512) / 4 + 0.5);
    out_AC_Buf = (unsigned char)(priv->component_infos->DCT[1] + 128);
    fwrite(&out_DC_Buf, 1, 1, out_DC);
    fwrite(&out_AC_Buf, 1, 1, out_AC);
  /*-----------------------------------here-------------------------------------*/
	convert_to_pixfmt(priv);
	priv->plane[0] += bytes_per_mcu[0];
	priv->plane[1] += bytes_per_mcu[1];
	priv->plane[2] += bytes_per_mcu[2];
	if (priv->restarts_to_go>0)
	 {
	   priv->restarts_to_go--;
	   if (priv->restarts_to_go == 0)
	    {
	      priv->stream -= (priv->nbits_in_reservoir/8);
	      resync(priv);
	      if (find_next_rst_marker(priv) < 0)
		return -1;
	    }
	 }
      }
   }
#if TRACE
  fprintf(p_trace,"Input file size: %d\n", priv->stream_length+2);
  fprintf(p_trace,"Input bytes actually read: %d\n", priv->stream - priv->stream_begin + 2);
  fflush(p_trace);
#endif

  return 0;
}

DC分量为原图的88数据得到,原图为10241024,所以得到的图像为128*128。
因为只有y分量没有uv分量,所以得到的是黑白图像,使用Luminance Only来显示仅有亮度分量的图片。

AC与DC同理。
在这里插入图片描述
所的图片:
在这里插入图片描述

9.DC、AC图像概率分布

将out_DC.yuv与out_AC.yuv放到matlab运行目录中,运行以下代码:
在这里插入图片描述
所得结果:
(蓝色为DC分量,橙色为AC分量)
在这里插入图片描述
DC分量较为分散,AC分量较集中,两者均大致关于中心位置对称。

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