【英语学习】【医学】生物化学(biochemistry)系统

《医学术语》读书笔记

常见词根与词缀

词根/词缀	含义	示例	词源
protein(o)- prote(o)-	protein 蛋白质	proteoglycan 蛋白聚糖 proteinuria 蛋白尿(症) glycoprotein 糖蛋白 proteinemia 蛋白血(症)	mid 19th century: from French protéine, German Protein, from Greek prōteios ‘primary’, from prōtos ‘first’. 从英语词源看，应该是“第一，最重要的”意思；看汉语，应该是蛋白里含量最多，或者从蛋白里提炼出来的。
peptid(o)-	peptide 肽	polypeptide 多肽 oligopeptide 寡肽 neuropeptide 神经肽 exopeptidase 外肽酶	early 20th century: from German Peptid, back-formation from Polypeptid ‘polypeptide’. From Ancient Greek πεπτός (peptós, “digested”).
amin(o)-	amino 氨基的	aminotransferase 氨基转移酶 aminopeptidase 氨基肽酶 aminoacyl 氨酰基 aminolevulinic 氨基酮戊酸的
nucle(o)-	nucleic acid 核酸	nucleotide 核苷酸 neuleoprotein 核蛋白 nucleosome 核小体 nucleotidase 核苷酸酶
deoxy-	deoxy 脱氧	deoxycholic 脱氧胆的 ursodeoxycholic 熊去氧胆酸的 deoxynucleotide 脱氧核苷酸 deoxyribose 脱氧核糖
enzym(o)- zym(o)- -ase	enzyme 酶	apoenzyme 脱辅基酶蛋白 metalloenzyme 金属酶 enzymotherapy 酶疗法 multienzyme 多酶 zymogram 酶谱 zymogen 酶原 zymosterol 酵母甾(zī)醇 zymogenic 发酵菌的，酶原的 acylase 酰基酶 urokinase 尿激酶 streptokinase 链激酶 asparaginase 门冬酰胺酶	late 19th century: coined in German from modern Greek enzumos ‘leavened’, from en- ‘within’ + Greek zumē ‘leaven ['levn] 发酵，酵母’.
sacchar -ose	sugar 糖	polysaccharide 多糖，聚糖 lipolysaccharide 脂糖 obligosaccharide 低聚糖，寡糖 lipo-oligo-saccharide 脂寡糖 gluose 葡萄糖 mannose 甘露糖 fructose 果糖 lactose 乳糖	Latin saccharum (“sugar”),
glyc(o)- gluc(o)-	glucose 葡萄糖	glycoprotein 糖蛋白 peptidoglycan 肽聚糖 glycolysis 糖酵解 glycogen 糖原 glucokinase 葡萄糖激酶 glucosuria [ˌgluːkoʊ’sjʊrɪə] 葡萄糖尿 glucagon 胰高血糖素 gluconeogenesis 葡萄糖异生	mid 19th century: from French, from Greek gleukos ‘sweet wine’, related to glukus ‘sweet’.
fructos(e)- fruct(o)-	fructose/ fruit sugar 果糖	fructoamine 果糖胺 fructofuranose 呋喃果糖 fructokinase 果糖激酶 fructosediphosphatase 果糖二磷酸酶	mid 19th century: from Latin fructus ‘fruit’ + -ose
mann(o)-	mannose 甘露糖	mannitol 甘露醇 mannosidase 甘露糖苷醇 mannosephosphate 甘露糖磷酸 mannans 甘露聚糖	late 19th century: from mannite ‘mannitol (《出埃及记》中以色列人在荒野中上帝赐予的食物甘露)’ + -ose
lact(o)-	lactose 乳糖	lactate 乳酸，乳酸盐 lactolose 如果糖 lactoferin 乳铁蛋白 lactobacilli 乳杆菌	Borrowed from French lactose, from Latin lac (“milk”) +‎ -ose (derivation of sucrose). Coined by French chemist Marcelin Berthelot. 注：galaxy，银河系也来自于lac，希腊神话Zeus的妻子Hera的奶水形成了galaxy。
amyl(o)-	starch 淀粉	amylose 直链淀粉 amyloid 淀粉样的，淀粉状蛋白 amylase 淀粉酶 amylopectin 支链淀粉，胶淀粉	Old English (recorded only in the past participle sterced ‘stiffened 硬的，稠的’), of Germanic origin; related to Dutch sterken, German stärken ‘strengthen’, also to stark. amyl(o)-: From Latin amylum (“starch”), from Ancient Greek ἄμυλον (ámulon, “starch”) from ἀ- (a-, “privative”) + μύλη (múlē, “mill”).
stear(o)- steat(o)-	stearine 硬脂	steatosis 皮脂腺病 stearic 硬脂酸的 stearothermophilus 嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌 steatorrhea 脂肪痢，脂肪泻	early 19th century: from French stéarine, from Greek stear ‘tallow ['tæloʊ] (fat 脂)’.
lip(o)	fat 脂肪	phospholipid 磷脂 liposarcoma 脂肪肉瘤 lipoma 脂肪瘤 lipofuscin 脂褐素	from Greek lipos ‘fat’.
gel- gelatin(o)-	jelly 胶，凝胶	gelatinous 凝胶状的 gelatinolytic 明胶分解的 gelatinase 明胶酶 gelatinize 使成胶状	early 19th century: from French gélatine, from Italian gelatina, from gelata, from Latin (see jelly).
gli(o)-	glue 胶	glioma 胶质瘤 gliosis 神经胶质增生 gliosarcoma 胶质肉瘤 gliotoxin 胶霉毒素，曲霉菌素	Ancient Greek γλια (glia, “glue”)) glial cell: A type of cell, in the nervous system, that provides support for the neurons.
cholester(o)- cholest-	cholesterol 胆固醇	cholesterinemia 胆甾(zī)醇血 cholesteatoma 胆脂瘤 cholesterosis 胆固醇沉着病 cholestane 胆甾(zī)烷	late 19th century: from Greek kholē ‘bile’ + stereos ‘stiff’ + -ol.
arginin(o)- argin(o)-	arginine 精氨酸	arginyl 精胺酰 argininemia 精氨酸血症 arginase 精氨酸酶 argininosuccinate 精氨琥珀酸盐	From German Arginin, perhaps from Ancient Greek ἀργινόεις (arginóeis, “brightly-shining, white”).
asparagin(o)- aspart-	asparagine 天门冬酰胺	asparaginase 天冬酰胺酶 aspartase 天冬氨酸酶	early 19th century: from asparagus 芦笋 (which contains it) + -ine.
glut-	glutamic acid 谷氨酸	glutamine 谷氨酰胺 glutelin 谷蛋白 glutamyl 谷氨酰	glutamine: late 19th century: blend of glutamic acid and amine. glutamic acid: late 19th century: from gluten + amine + -ic. gluten: 麸质；面筋 late 16th century (originally denoting protein from animal tissue): via French from Latin, literally ‘glue’.
histidin(o)- histid-	histidine 组氨酸	histidyl 组胺酰 histidase 组氨酸酶 histidinemia 组氨酸血症 histidinuria 组氨酸尿	late 19th century: from Greek histos ‘web, tissue’ + -ide + -ine.
tyrosin(o)-	tyrosine 酪氨酸	tyrosinase 酪氨酸酶 tyrosinemia 酪氨酸血症 tyrosinosis 酪氨酸代谢病	mid 19th century: formed irregularly from Greek turos ‘cheese’ + -ine.