【英语学习】【医学】【化学】Chemistry: the Central Science (14e) 的目录

《Chemistry: THE CENTRAL SCIENCE》所有版权归原书作者所有。

这个目录包括了普通化学中最重要的常见词汇；
即便是非化学专业的人作为文化常识也可以略有了解，能显得well-educated。

1. Introduction: Matter, Energy, and Measurement

1.1 The Study of Chemistry

• The Atomic and Molecular Perspective of Chemistry
• Why Study Chemistry?

1.2 Classification of Matter

• States of Matter
• Pure Substances
• Elements
• Compounds
• Mixtures

1.3 Properties of Matter

• Physical and Chemical Changes
• Separation of Mixtures

1.4 The Nature of Energy

• Kinetic Energy and Potential Energy

1.5 Units of Measurement

• SI (French Système International d’Unités) Units
• Length and Mass
• Temperature
• Derived SI Units
• Volume
• Density
• Units of Energy

1.6 Uncertainty in Measurement

• Precision and Accuracy
• Significant Figures
• Significant Figures in Calculations

1.7 Dimensional Analysis

• Conversion Factors
• Using Two or More Conversion Factors
• Conversion Involving Volume

2. Atoms, Molecules, and Ions

2.1 The Atomic Theory of Matter

2.2 The Discovery of Atomic Structure

• Cathode Rays and Electrons
• Radioactivity
• The Nuclear Model of the Atom

2.3 The Modern View of the Atomic Structure

• Atomic Numbers, Mass Numbers, and Isotopes

2.4 Atomic Weights

• The Atomic Mass Scales
• Atomic Weight

2.5 The Periodic Table

2.6 Molecules and Molecular Compounds

• Molecules and Chemical Formulas
• Molecular and Empirical Formulas
• Picturing Molecules

2.7 Ions and Ionic Compounds

• Predicating Ionic Charges
• Ionic Compounds

2.8 Naming Inorganic Compounds

• Names and Formulas of Ionic Compounds
• Names and Formulas of Acids
• Names and Formulas of Binary Molecular Compounds

2.9 Some Simple Organic Compounds

• Alkanes
• Some Derivatives of Alkanes

3. Chemical Reactions and Reaction Stoichiometry

3.1 Chemical Equations

• Balancing Equations
• A Step-by-Step Example of Balancing a Chemical Equation
• Indicating the States of Reactants and Products

3.2 Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity

• Combination and Decomposition Reactions
• Combustion Reactions

3.3 Formula Weights

• Formula and Molecular Weights
• Percentage Composition from Chemical Formulas

3.4 Avogadro’s Number and the Mole

• Molar Mass
• Interconverting Masses and Moles
• Interconverting Masses and Numbers of Particles

3.5 Empirical Formulas from Analyses

• Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas
• Combustion Analysis

3.6 Quantitative Information from Balanced Equations

3.7 Limiting Reactants

• Theoretical and Percent Yields

4. Reactions in Aqueous Solution

4.1 General Properties of Aqueous Solutions

• Electrolytes and Nonelectrolytes
• How Compounds Dissolve in Water
• Strong and Weak Electrolytes

4.2 Precipitation Reactions

• Solubility Guidelines for Ionic Compounds
• Exchange (Metathesis) Reactions
• Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions

4.3 Acids, Bases, and Neutralization Reactions

• Acids
• Bases
• Strong and Weak Acids and Bases
• Identifying Strong and Weak Electrolytes
• Neutralization Reactions and Salts
• Neutralization Reactions with Gas Formation

4.4 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

• Oxidation and Reduction
• Oxidation Numbers
• Oxidation of Metal by Acids and Salts
• The Activity Series

4.5 Concentration of Solutions

• Molarity
• Expressing the Concentration of an Electrolytes
• Interconverting Molarity, Moles, and Volume
• Dilution

4.6 Solution Stoichiometry and Chemical Analysis

• Titrations

5. Thermochemistry

5.1 The Nature of Chemical Energy

5.2 The First Law of Thermodynamics

• System and Surroundings
• Internal Energy
• Relating ΔE to Heat and Work
• Endothermic and Exothermic Processes
• State Functions

5.3 Enthalpy

• Pressure-Volume Work
• Enthalpy Change

5.4 Enthalpies of Reaction

5.5 Calorimetry

• Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
• Constant-Pressure Calorimetry
• Bomb Calorimetry (Constant-Volume Calorimetry)

5.6 Hess’s Law

5.7 Enthalpies of Formation

• Using Enthalpies of Formation to Calculate Enthalpies of Reaction

5.8 Bond Enthalpies

• Bond Enthalpies and Enthalpies of Reaction

5.9 Foods and Fuels

• Foods
• Fuels
• Other Energy Sources

6. Electronic Structure of Atoms

6.1 The Wave Nature of Light

6.2 Quantized Energy and Photons

• Hot Objects and the Quantization of Energy
• The Photoelectric Effect and Photons

6.3 Line Spectra and the Bohr Model

• Line Spectra
• Bohr’s Model
• The Energy State of the Hydrogen Atom
• Limitation of the Bohr Model

6.4 The Wave Behavior of Matter

• The Uncertainty Principles

6.5 Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals

• Orbitals and Quantum Numbers

6.6 Representation of Orbitals

• The s Orbitals
• The p Orbitals
• The d and f Orbitals

6.7 Many-Electron Atoms

• Orbitals and Their Energies
• Electron Spin and the Pauli Exclusion Principles

6.8 Electron Configurations

• Hund’s Rule
• Condensed Electron Configurations
• Transition Metals
• The Lanthanides and Actinides

6.9 Electron Configuration and the Periodic Table

• Anomalous Electron Configurations

7. Periodic Properties of the Elements

7.1 Development of the Periodic Table

7.2 Effective Nuclear Charges

7.3 Sizes of Atoms and Ions

• Periodic Trends in Atomic Radii
• Periodic Trends in Ionic Radii

7.4 Ionization Energy

• Variations in Successive Ionization Energies
• Electron Configuration of Ions

7.5 Electron Affinity

• Periodic Trends in Electron Affinity

7.6 Metals, Nonmetals, and Metalloids

• Metals
• Nonmetals
• Metalloids

7.7 Trends for Group 1A and Group 2A Metals

• Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
• Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals

7.8 Trends for Selected Nonmetals

• Hydrogen
• Group 6A: The Oxygen Group
• Group 7A: The Halogens
• Group 8A: The Noble Gases

8. Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding

8.1 Lewis Symbols and the Octet Rule

• The Octet Rule

8.2 Ionic Bonding

• Energetics of Ionic Bond Formation
• Electron Configuration of Ions of the s- and *p-*Block Elements
• Transition Metal Ions

8.3 Covalent Bonding

• Lewis Structures
• Multiple Bonds

8.4 Bond Polarity and Electronegativity

• Electronegativity
• Electronegativity and Bond Polarity
• Dipole Moment
• Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonding

8.5 Drawing Lewis Structures

• Formal Charge and Alternative Lewis Structures

8.6 Resonance Structures

• Resonance in Benzene

8.7 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

• Odd Number of Electrons
• Less Than an Octet of Valence Electron
• More Than an Octet of Valence Electron

8.8 Strengths and Lengths of Covalent Bonds

9. Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories

9.1 Molecular Shapes

9.2 The VSEPR Model

• Applying the VSEPR Model to Determine Molecular Shapes
• Effect of Nonbonding Electrons and Multiple Bonds on Bond Angles
• Molecules with Expanded Valence Shells
• Shapes of Larger Molecules

9.3 Molecular Shape and Molecular Polarity

9.4 Covalent Bonding and Orbital Overlap

9.5 Hybrid Orbitals

• sp Hybrid Orbitals
• sp² and sp³ Orbitals
• Hypervalent Molecules
• Hybrid Orbital Summary

9.6 Multiple Bonds

• Resonance Structures, Delocalization, and π Bonding
• General Conclusions about σ (sigma) and π Bonding

9.7 Molecular Orbitals

• Molecular Orbitals of the Hydrogen Molecule
• Bond Order

9.8 Bonding in Period 2 Diatomic Molecules

• Molecular Orbitals for Li₂ and Be₂
• Molecular Orbitals from 2p Atomic Orbitals
• Electron Configurations for B₂ through Ne₂
• Electron Configurations and Molecular Properties
• Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules

10. Gases

10.1 Characteristics of Gases

10.2 Pressure

• Atmospheric Pressure and the Barometer

10.3 The Gas Laws

• The Pressure-Volume Relationship: Boyle’s Law
• The Temperature-Volume Relationship: Charles’s Law
• The Quantity-Volume Relationship: Avogadro’s Law

10.4 The Ideal-Gas Equation

• Relating the Ideal-Gas Equation and the Gas Laws

10.5 Further Applications of the Ideal-Gas Equation

• Gas Densities and Molar Mass
• Volumes of Gases in Chemical Reactions

10.6 Gas Mixtures and Partial Pressures

• Partial Pressures and Mole Fractions

10.7 The Kinetic-Molecular Theory of Gases

• Distributions of Molecular Speed
• Application of Kinetic-Molecular Theory to the Gas Laws

10.8 Molecular Effusion and Diffusion

• Graham’s Law of Effusion
• Diffusion and Mean Free Path

11. Liquids and Intermolecular Forces

11.1 A Molecular Comparison of Gases, Liquids, and Solids

11.2 Intermolecular Forces

• Dispersion Forces
• Dipole-Dipole Interactions
• Hydrogen Bonding
• Ion-Dipole Forces
• Comparing Intermolecular Forces

11.3 Select Properties of Liquids

• Viscosity
• Surface Tension
• Capillary Action

11.4 Phase Changes

• Energy Changes Accompany Phase Changes
• Heating Curves
• Critical Temperature and Pressure

11.5 Vapor Pressure

• Volatility, Vapor Pressure, and Temperature
• Vapor Pressure and Boiling Point

11.6 Phase Diagrams

• The Phase Diagrams of H₂O and CO₂

11.7 Liquid Crystals

• Types of Liquid Crystals

12. Solids and Modern Materials

12.1 Classification of Solids

12.2 Structures of Solids

• Crystalline and Amorphous Solids
• Unit Cells and Crystal Lattices
• Filling the Unit Cell

12.3 Metallic Solids

• The Structures of Metallic Solids
• Close Packing
• Alloys

12.4 Metallic Bonding

• Electron-Sea Model
• Molecular Orbital Model

12.5 Ionic Solids

• Structures of Ionic Solids

12.6 Molecular Solids

12.7 Covalent-Network Solids

• Semiconductors
• Semiconductor Doping

12.8 Polymers

• Making Polymers
• Structure and Physical Properties of Polymers

12.9 Nanomaterials

• Semiconductors on the Nanoscale
• Metals on the Nanoscale
• Carbon on the Nanoscale

13. Properties of Solutions

13.1 The Solution Process

• The Natural Tendency toward Mixing
• The Effect of Intermolecular Forces on Solution Formation
• Energetics of Solution Formation
• Solution Formation and Chemical Reactions

13.2 Saturated Solutions and Solubility

13.3 Factors Affecting Solubility

• Solute-Solvent Interactions
• Pressure Effects
• Temperature Effects

13.4 Expressing Solution Concentration

• Mass Percentage, ppm, and ppb
• Mole Fraction, Molarity and Molality
• Converting Concentration Units

13.5 Colligative Properties

• Vapor-Pressure Lowering
• Boiling-Point Elevation
• Freezing-Point Depression
• Osmosis
• Determination of Molar Mass from Colligative Properties

13.6 Colloids

• Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Colloids
• Colloidal Motion in Liquids

14 Chemical Kinetics

14.1 Factors That Affect Reaction Rates

14.2 Reaction Rates

• Change of Rate with Time
• Instantaneous Rate
• Reaction Rates and Stoichiometry

14.3 Concentration and Rate Laws

• Reaction Orders: The Exponents in the Rate Law
• Magnitudes and Units of Rate Constants
• Using Initial Rates to Determine Rate Laws

14.4 The Change of Concentration with Time

• First-Order Reactions
• Second-Order Reactions
• Zero-Order Reactions
• Half-Life

14.5 Temperature and Rate

• The Collision Model
• The Orientation Factor
• Activation Energy
• The Arrhenius Equation
• Determining the Activation Energy

14.6 Reaction Mechanisms

• Elementary Reactions
• Multistep Mechanisms
• Rate Laws for Elementary Reactions
• The Rate-Determining Step for a Multistep Mechanism
• Mechanisms with a Slow Initial Step
• Mechanisms with a Fast Initial Step

14.7 Catalysis

• Homogeneous Catalysis
• Heterogeneous Catalysis
• Enzymes

15 Chemical Equilibrium

15.1 The Concept of Equilibrium

15.2 The Equilibrium Constant

• Evaluating K_c
• Equilibrium Constants in Terms of Pressure, K_p
• Equilibrium Constants and Units

15.3 Understanding and Working with Equilibrium Constants

• The Magnitude of Equilibrium Constants
• The Direction of the Chemical Equation and K
• Relating Chemical Equation Stoichiometry and Equilibrium Constants

15.4 Heterogeneous Equilibria

15.5 Calculating Equilibrium Constants

15.6 Applications of Equilibrium Constants

• Predicting the Direction of Reaction
• Calculating Equilibrium Concentrations

15.7 Le Châtelier’s Principle

• Change in Reactants or Product Concentration
• Effects of Volume and Pressure Changes
• Effect of Temperature Changes
• The Effect of Catalysts

16. Acid-Base Equilibria

16.1 Arrhenius Acids and Bases

16.2 BrΦnsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

• The H⁺ Ion in Water
• Proto-Transfer Reactions
• Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs
• Relative Strengths of Acids and Bases

16.3 The Autoionization of Water

• The Ion Product of Water

16.4 The pH Scale

• pOH and Other “p” Scales
• Measuring pH

16.5 Strong Acids and Bases

• Strong Acids
• Strong Bases

16.6 Weak Acids

• Calculating K_a from pH
• Percent Ionization
• Using K_a to Calculate pH
• Polyprotic Acids

16.7 Weak Bases

• Types of Weak Bases

16.8 Relationship between K_a and K_b

16.9 Acid-Base Properties of Salt Solutions

• An Anion’s Ability to React with Water
• A Cation’s Ability to React with Water
• Combined Effect of Cation and Anion in Solution

16.10 Acid-Base Behavior and Chemical Structure

• Factors That Affect Acid Strength
• Binary Acids
• Oxyacids
• Carboxylic Acids

16.11 Lewis Acids and Bases

17. Additional Aspects of Aqueous Equilibria

17.1 The Common-Ion Effect

17.2 Buffers

• Composition and Action of Buffers
• Calculating the pH of a Buffer
• Buffer Capacity ad pH Range
• Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers

17.3 Acid-Base Titrations

• Strong Acid-Strong Base Titration
• Calculating the pH of a Buffer
• Buffer Capacity and pH Range
• Addition of Strong Acids or Bases to Buffers

17.4 Solubility Equlibria

• The Solubility-Product Constant, K_sp
• Solubility and K_sp

17.5 Factors That Affect Solubility

• The Common-Ion Effect
• Solubility and pH
• Formation of Complex Ions
• Amphoterism

17.6 Precipitation and Separation of Ions

• Selective Precipitation of Ions

17.7 Qualitative Analysis for Metallic Elements

18 Chemistry and Environment

18.1 Earth’s Atmosphere

• Composition of the Atmosphere
• Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
• Ozone in the Stratosphere

18.2 Human Activities and Earth’s Atmosphere

• The Ozone Layer and Its Depletion
• Sulfur Compounds and Acid Rain
• Nitrogen Oxides and Photochemical Smog
• Greenhouse Gases: Water Vapor, Carbon Dioxide, and Climate

18.3 Earth’s Water

• The Global Water Cycle
• Salt Water: Earth’s Oceans and Seas
• Freshwater and Groundwater

18.4 Human Activities and Water Quality

• Dissolved Oxygen and Water Quality
• Water Purification: Desalination
• Water Purification: Municipal Treatment

18.5 Green Chemistry

• Supercritical Solvents
• Greener Reagents and Processes

19 Chemical Thermodynamics

19.1 Spontaneous Processes

• Seeking a Criterion for Spontaneity
• Reversible and Irreversible Processes

19.2 Entropy and the Second Law of Thermodynamics

• The Relationship between Entropy and Heat
• ΔS for Phase Changes
• The Second Law of Thermodynamics

19.3 The Molecular Interpretation of Entropy and the Third Law of Thermodynamics

• Expansion of a Gas at the Molecular Level
• Boltzmann’s Equation and Microstates
• Molecular Motions and Energy
• Making Qualitative Predictions about ΔS
• The Third Law of Thermodynamics

19.4 Entropy Changes in Chemical Reactions

• Temperature Variation of Entropy
• Standard Molar Entropies
• Calculating the Standard Entropy Change for a Reaction
• Entropy Changes in the Surroundings

19.5 Gibbs Free Energy

• Standard Free Energy of Formation

19.6 Free Energy and Temperature

19.7 Free Energy and Equilibrium Constant

• Free Energy under Nonstandard Conditions
• Relationship between ΔG^° and K

20. Electrochemistry

20.1 Oxidation States and Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

20.2 Balancing Redox Equations

• Half-Reactions
• Balancing Equations by the Method of Half-Reactions
• Balancing Equations for Reactions Occurring in Basic Solution

20.3 Voltaic Cells

20.4 Cell Potentials under Standard Conditions

• Standard Reduction Potentials
• Strengths of Oxidizing and Reducing Agents

20.5 Free Energy and Redox Reactions

• Emf, Free Energy, and the Equilibrium Constant

20.6 Cell Potentials under Nonstandard Conditions

• The Nernst Equation
• Concentration Cells

20.7 Batteries and Fuel Cells

• Lead-Acid Battery
• Alkaline Battery
• Nickel-Cadmium and Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries
• Lithium-Ion Batteries
• Hydrogen Fuel Cells

20.8 Corrosion

• Corrosion of Iron (Rusting)
• Preventing Corrosion of Iron

20.9 Electrolysis

• Quantitative Aspect of Electrolysis

21 Nuclear Chemistry

21.1 Radioactivity and Nuclear Equations

• Nuclear Equations
• Types of Radioactive Decay

21.2 Patterns of Nuclear Stability

• Neutron-to-Proton Ratio
• Radioactive Decay Chains
• Further Observation

21.3 Nuclear Transmutation

• Accelerating Charged Particles
• Reactions Involving Neutrons
• Transuranium Elements

21.4 Rates of Radioactive Decay

• Radiometric Dating
• Calculations Based on Half-Life

21.5 Detection of Radioactivity

• Radiotracers

21.6 Energy Changes in Nuclear Reactions

• Nuclear Binding Energies

21.7 Nuclear Power: Fission

• Nuclear Reactions
• Nuclear Wastes

21.8 Nuclear Power: Fusion

21.9 Radiation in the Environment and Living Systems

• Radiation Doses

22. Chemistry of Nonmetals

22.1 Periodic Trends and Chemical Reactions

• Chemical Reactions

22.2 Hydrogen

• Isotopes of Hydrogen
• Properties of Hydrogen
• Production of Hydrogen
• Uses of Hydrogen
• Binary Hydrogen Compounds

22.3 Group 8A: The Noble Gases

• Noble-Gas Compounds

22.4 Group 7A: The Halogens

• Properties and Production of the Halogens
• Uses of the Halogens
• The Hydrogen Halides
• Interhalogen Compounds
• Oxyacids and Oxyanions

22.5 Oxygen

• Properties of Oxygen
• Production of Oxygen
• Uses of Oxygen
• Ozone
• Oxides
• Peroxides and Superoxides

22.6 The Other Group 6A Elements: S, Se, Te, and Po

• Occurrence and Production of S, Se, and Te
• Properties and Uses of Sulfur, Selenium, and Tellurium
• Sulfides
• Oxides, Oxyacids, and Oxyanions of Sulfur

22.7 Nitrogen

• Properties of Nitrogen
• Production and Uses of Nitrogen
• Hydrogen Compounds of Nitrogen
• Oxides and Oxyacids of Nitrogen

22.8 The Other Group 5A Elements: P, As, Sb, and Bi

• Occurrence, Isolation, and Properties of Phosphorus
• Phosphorus Halides
• Oxy Compounds of Phosphorus

22.9 Carbon

• Elemental Forms of Carbon
• Oxides of Carbon
• Carbonic Acid and Carbonates
• Carbides

22.10 The Other Group 4A Elements: Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb

• General Characteristics of the Group 4A Elements
• Occurrence and Preparation of Silicon
• Silicates
• Glass
• Silicones

22.11 Boron

23 Transition Metals and Coordination Chemistry

23.1 The Transition Metals

• Physical Properties
• Electron Configurations and Oxidation States
• Magnetism

23.2 Transition-Metal Complexes

• The Development of Coordination Chemistry: Werner’s Theory
• The Metal-Ligand Bond
• Charges, Coordination Numbers, and Geometries

23.3 Common Ligands in Coordination Chemistry

• Metals and Chelates in Living Systems

23.4 Nomenclature and Isomerism in Coordination Chemistry

• Isomerism
• Structural Isomerism
• Stereoisomerism

23.5 Color and Magnetism in Coordination Chemistry

• Color
• Magnetism of Coordination Compounds

23.6 Crystal-Field Theory

• Electron Configuration in Octahedral Complexes
• Tetrahedral and Square-Planar Complexes

24. The Chemistry of Life: Organic and Biological Chemistry

24.1 General Characteristics of Organic Molecules

• The Structure of Organic Molecules
• The Stability of Organic Compounds
• Solubility and Acid-Base Properties of Organic Compounds

24.2 Introduction to Hydrocarbons

• Structure of Alkanes
• Structural Isomers
• Nomenclature of Alkanes
• Cycloalkanes
• Reactions of Alkanes

24.3 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Alkenes
• Alkynes
• Addition Reactions of Alkenes and Alkynes
• Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Stabilization of π Electrons by Delocalization
• Substitution Reaction of Aromatic Hydrocarbons

24.4 Organic Functional Groups

• Alcohols
• Ethers
• Aldehydrates and Ketones
• Carboxylic Acids and Esters
• Amines and Amides

24.5 Chirality in Organic Chemistry

24.6 Introduction to Biochemistry

24.7 Proteins

• Amino Acids
• Polypeptides and Proteins
• Protein Structure

24.8 Carbohydrates

• Dissaccarides
• Polyssachrides

24.9 Lipids

• Fats
• Phospholipids

24.10 Nucleic Acids