跟英语外教讨论语法现象时,好多语法术语都不会;整理个语法术语表在这里。
Basic Terminology 基础词汇
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Morphology | 词法 | |
Syntax | 句法 | |
Notional Words | 实意词 | |
Form Words | 虚词 | |
Parts of Speech | 词类 | |
Noun | 名词 | |
Pronoun | 代词 | |
Numeral | 数词 | |
Adjective | 形容词 | |
Verb | 动词 | |
Adverb | 副词 | |
Article | 冠词 | |
Preposition | 介词 | |
Conjunction | 连词 | |
Interjection | 感叹词 | |
Determiner | 限定词 | |
Particle | 小品词 | |
Word Building | 构词法 | |
Conversion | 转化 | |
Derivation (Affixaton) | 派生(词缀法) | |
Compounding (Composition) | 合成 | |
Prefix(es) | 前缀 | |
Suffix(es) | 后缀 | |
Compound Words | 合成词 | |
Nouns 名词
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Classification of Nouns | 名词的分类 | |
Common Nouns | 普通名词 | |
Proper Nouns | 专有名词 | |
Individual Nouns | 个体名词 | |
Collective Nouns | 集体名词 | |
Material Nouns | 物质名词 | |
Abstract Nouns | 抽象名词 | |
Countable Nouns | 可数名词 | |
Uncountable Nouns | 不可数名词 | |
The Singular Form | 单数形势 | |
The Plural Form | 复数形式 | |
The Common Case | 普通格 | |
The Possessive Case | 所有格 | |
Gender | 性 | |
The Definite Article | 定冠词 | |
The Indefinite Article | 不定冠词 | |
Pronoun 代词
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Person Pronouns | 人称代词 | |
Possessive Pronouns | 物主代词 | |
Self Pronouns | 自身代词 | |
Demonstrative Pronouns | 指示代词 | |
Interrogative Pronouns | 疑问代词 | |
Conjunctive Pronouns | 连接代词 | |
Relative Pronouns | 关系代词 | |
Reciprocal Pronouns | 相互代词 | |
Indefinite Pronouns | 不定代词 | |
The Absolute Forms of Possessive Pronouns | 物主代词的绝对形式 | |
The Subjective Case | 主格 | |
The Objective Case | 宾格 | |
Cardinal Numbers | 基数词 | |
Ordinal Numbers | 序数词 | |
Fractional Numbers | 分数词 | |
Degree of Comparison | 比较的级别 | |
The Comparative Degree | 比较级 | |
The Superlative Degree | 最高级 | |
Verb 动词
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Notional Verbs | 实义动词 | |
Link-verbs | 系动词 | |
Auxiliary Verbs (Helping verbs) | 助动词 | |
Modal Verbs | 情态动词 | |
Transitive Verbs | 及物动词 | |
Intransitive Verbs | 不及物动词 | |
Regular Verbs | 规则动词 | |
Irregular Verbs | 不规则动词 | |
Phrasal Verbs | 成语动词 | |
Delexical Verbs | 虚意动词 | Explanation of Delexical verbs |
Ditransitive Verbs | 双宾动词 | |
Defective Verbs | 无变化动词 | 人家动词都会变,这种 “有缺陷的” 动词不会变化,例如 ought to, must 等 |
Stative Verbs | 静态动词 | |
Instantaneous Verbs | 短暂(瞬时)动词 | |
Ergative Verbs | 作格词 (兼做及物与不及物动词的动词) | 1950s: from Greek ergatēs ‘worker’ (from ergon ‘work’) + -ive. 看到词源也猜不出这个术语的意思 ? |
The Finite Form of the Verb | 动词的限定形式 | |
Person | 人称 | |
Number | 数 | |
Tense | 时态 | |
Mood | 语气 | |
The Non-finite Forms of the Verb | 动词的非限定形式 | |
The Principal Forms of the Verb | 动词的主要形式 | |
The Present Forms | 现在式 | |
The Past Forms | 过去式 | |
The Participle | 分词 | |
The Present Participle | 现在分词 | |
The Past Participle | 过去分词 | |
The Infinitive | 不定式 | |
Bare Infinitive | 光秃不定式 | 即:不带to的动词不定式 |
The Gerund | 动名词 | |
The Verbal Noun | 名词化的动名词 | |
Contraction | 动词的紧缩形式 | |
Tense 时态
| Present | Past | Future | Past Future |
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Indefinite (Simple) | The Present indefinite | The Past Indefinite | The Future Indefinite | The Past Future Indefinite |
Continuous (Progress) | The Present Continuous | The Pass Continuous | The Future Continuous | The Past Future Continuous |
Perfect | The Present Perfect | The Past Perfect | The Future Perfect | The Past Future Perfect |
Perfect Continuous | The Present Perfect Continuous | The Past Perfect Continuous | The Future Perfect Continuous | The Past Future Perfect Continuous |
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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The Present Indefinite | 一般现在时 | |
The Past Indefinite | 一般过去时 | |
The Future Indefinite | 一般将来时 | |
The Past Future Indefinite | 一般过去将来时 | |
The Present Continuous | 现在进行时 | |
The Past Continuous | 过去进行时 | |
The Future Continuous | 将来进行时 | |
The Past Future Continuous | 过去将来进行时 | |
The Present Perfect | 现在完成时 | |
The Past Perfect | 过去完成时 | |
The Future Perfect | 将来完成时 | |
The Past Future Perfect | 过去将来完成时 | |
The Present Perfect Continuous | 现在完成进行时 | |
The Past Perfect Continuous | 过去完成进行时 | |
The Future Perfect Continuous | 将来完成进行时 | |
The Past Future Perfect Continuous | 过去将来完成进行时 | |
The Sequence of Tenses | 时态的呼应 | |
Voice & Mood 语态&语气
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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The Passive Voice | 被动语态 | |
The Active Voice | 主动语态 | |
The Indicative Mood | 陈述语气 | |
The Imperative Mood | 祈使语气 | |
The Subjunctive Mood | 虚拟语气 | 注:觉得译成 “主观语气” 更贴切, 陈述语气 即是 “客观语气” |
Sentences of Real Condition | 真实条件句 | |
Sentences of Unreal Condition | 虚拟条件句 | |
Conditional Sentence of Mixed Time | 错综时间条件句 | |
Sentences of Implied Condition | 含蓄条件句 | |
Adverb & Conjunction 副词&连词
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Adverbs of Time | 时间副词 | |
Adverbs of Place | 地点副词 | |
Adverbs of Manner | 方式副词 | |
Adverbs of Degree | 程度副词 | |
Adverbs of Frequency | 频度副词 | |
Relative Adverbs | 关系副词 | 注:还有一个Relative Pronoun(关系代词) |
Conjunctive Adverbs | 连接副词 | |
Interrogative Adverbs | 疑问副词 | |
Coordinating Conjunctions | 并列连词 | |
Subordinating Conjunctions | 从属连词 | |
Sentence 句子
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Members of the Sentence | 句子的成分 | |
The Subject | 主语 | |
Preparatory Subject | 先行主语 | |
The Predicate | 谓语 | |
The Predicative | 表语 | |
The Object | 宾语 | |
Retained Object | 保留宾语 | |
The Attribute | 定语 | |
The Adverbial (Modifier) | 状语 | |
The Appositive | 同位语 | |
Independent Elements | 独立成分 | |
Declarative Sentences | 陈述句 | |
Imperative Sentences | 祈使句 | |
Exclamatory Sentences | 感叹句 | |
Interrogative Sentences | 疑问句 | |
General Questions | 一般疑问句 | |
Special Questions | 特殊疑问句 | |
Alternative Questions | 选择疑问句 | |
Disjunctive Questions | 反意疑问句 | |
Simple Sentences | 简单句 | |
Compound Sentences | 并列句 | |
Complex Sentences | 复合句 | |
Compound Complex Sentences | 并列复合句 | |
One-member Sentences | 单部句 | |
Two-member Sentences | 双部句 | |
Elliptical Sentences | 省略句 | |
Cleft Sentence | 分列句 | |
Predicate & Object etc. 谓语&宾语等
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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The Simple Predicate | 简单谓语 | |
The Compound Predicate | 复合谓语 | |
The Compound Verbal Predicate | 表行为的复合谓语 | |
The Compound Nominal Predicate | 表性状的复合谓语 | |
The Direct Object | 直接宾语 | |
The Indirect Object | 间接宾语 | |
The Complex Object | 复合宾语 | |
The cognate Object | 同源宾语 | cognate: early 17th century: from Latin cognatus, from co- ‘together with’ + natus ‘born’. |
Direct Address | 呼语 | |
Parenthesis | 插入语 | |
Direct Speech | 直接引语 | |
Indirect Speech | 间接引语 | |
Absolute Constructions | 独立结构 | |
Phrases 短语
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Participial Phrase | 分词短语 | |
Prepositional Phrase | 介词短语 | |
Infinitive Phrases | 不定式短语 | |
Verb Phrases | 动词短语 | |
Phrasal Verbs | 成语动词 | |
Clauses 从句
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Main Clauses | 主句 | |
Subordinate Clauses | 从句 | |
Subject Clauses | 主语从句 | |
Object Clauses | 宾语从句 | |
Predicative Clauses | 标语从句 | |
Attributive Clauses | 定语从句 | |
Appositive Clauses | 同位语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses | 状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Time | 时间状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Place | 地点状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Cause | 原因状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Condition | 条件状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Degree (Result) | 程度(结果)状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Concession | 让步状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Purpose | 目的状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Comparison | 比较状语从句 | |
Adverbial Clauses of Manner | 方式状语从句 | |
Defining Attributive Clauses | 限定性定语从句 | |
Non-defining Attributive Clauses | 非限定性定语从句 | |
Limiting Attributes | 限定性定语 | |
Descriptive Attributes | 描绘性定语 | |
Word-Order 语序
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Natural Word-order | 自然语序 | |
Inverted Word-order | 倒装语序 | |
Inversion | 倒桩 | |
Full Inversion | 完全倒桩 | |
Partial Inversion | 部分倒桩 | |
Ellipsis | 省略 | |
Substitution | 替代 | |
Transformation of Sentences | 句型转换 | |
Analysis of Sentences | 句子分析 | |
Punctuation 标点符号
英文 | 中文 | 备注 |
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Period (Full Stop) | 句号 | |
Question Mark | 问号 | |
Exclamation Mark | 感叹号 | |
Comma | 逗号 | |
Colon | 冒号 | |
Dash | 破折号 | |
Hyphen | 连字符 | |
Brackets | 括号 | |
Quotation Marks | 引号 | |
Apostrophe | 撇号 | |