【英语学习】【科学】【Glencoe Science】【A】Life's Structure and Function目录及术语表

本文是英语学习笔记，所有版权归原教材作者所有。

Glencoe Science模块系列教材，模块A - Life's Structure and Function，2005版，254页。全书分为6大章（Chapter），每章由若干小节（Section）构成，各章后附有Study Guide，Review与Standardized Test Practice。

Cover Description: These human red blood cells are part of a liquid tissue --- blood. They deliver oxygen and remove wastes. The protein hemoglobin gives them red color, and contains iron to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide. 
 

简要目录 (Simple Contents)

Chapter 1: Exploring and Classifying Life

Chapter 2: Cells

Chapter 3: Cell Processes

Chapter 4: Cell Reproduction

Chapter 5: Heredity

Chapter 6: Adaptations over Time

 

详细目录 (Detailed Contents)

Chapter 1: Exploring and Classifying Life

• Section 1: What is science?

• Section 2: Living Things

• Section 3: Where does life come from?

• Section 4: How are living things classified?

Chapter 2: Cells

• Section 1: Cell Structure

• Section 2: Viewing Cells

• Section 3: Viruses

Chapter 3: Cell Processes

• Section 1: Chemistry of Life

• Section 2: Moving Cellular Materials

• Section 3: Energy for Life

Chapter 4: Cell Reproduction

• Section 1: Cell Division and Mitosis

• Section 2: Sexual Reproduction and Meiosis

• Section 3: DNA

Chapter 5: Heredity

• Section 1: Genetics

• Section 2: Genetics Since Mendel

• Section 3: Advances in Genetics

Chapter 6: Adaptations over Time

• Section 1: Ideas about Evolution

• Section 2: Clues about Evolution

• Section 3: The Evolution of Primates

 

术语表（Glossary in Alphabetic Order）

1. 79: active transport: energy-requiring process in which transport proteins bind with particles and move them through a cell membrane. 
2. 160: adaptation: any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.
3. 128: allele: an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait; can be dominant or recessive. 
4. 103: asexual reproduction: a type of reproduction --- fission, budding, and regeneration --- in which a new organism is produced from one organism and has DNA identical to the parent organism. 
5. 26: binomial nomenclature: two-word naming system that gives all organsims their scientific name. 
6. 21: biogenesis: theory that living things come only from other living things. 
7. 16: cell: smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions.
8. 40: cell membrane: protective outer covering of all cells that regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment. 
9. 53: cell theory: states taht all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells. 
10. 41: cell wall: rigid structure that encloses, supports, and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria. 
11. 44: chloroplast: green, chlorophyll-containing, plant-cell organelle that uses light energy to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
12. 100: chromesome: structure in a cell's nucleus that contains hereditary material. 
13. 11: control: standard to which the outcome of a test is compared. 
14. 40: cytoplasm: constantly moving gel-like mixture inside the cell membrane that contains heredity material and is the location of most of a cell's life processes. 
15. 77: diffusion: a type of passive transport in cells in which molecules move from areas where there are more of them to areas where there are fewer of them. 
16. 106: diploid: cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs.
17. 112: DNA: deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material of all organisms; made up of two twisted strands of sugar-phosphate molecules and nitrogen bases. 
18. 130: dominant: describes a trait that covers over, dominates, another form of that trait. 
19. 106: egg: haploid sex cell formed in the female reproductive organs. (haploid - from Greek haploos ‘single’ + -oid)
20. 169: embryology: study of embryos and their development. (embryo - via late Latin from Greek embruon ‘fetus’, from em- ‘into’ + bruein ‘swell, grow’.)
21. 80: endocytosis: process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrance.
22. 45: endoplasmic reticulum (ER): cytoplasmic organelle that moves materials around in a cell and is made up of a complex series of folded membranes; can be rough (with attached ribosomes) or smooth (without attached ribosomes). 
23. 73: enzyme: a type of protein that regulates nearly all chemical reactions in a cell.
24. 77: equilibrium: occurs when molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance.
25. 156: evolution: change in inherited characteristics over time. 
26. 80: exocytosis: process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell. (vesicle - from French vésicule or Latin vesicula, diminutive of vesica ‘bladder’.)
27. 86: fermentation: process by which oxygen-lacking cells and some one-celled organsims release small amounts of energy from glucose molecules and produce wastes such as alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid.
28. 106: fertilization: in sexual reproduction, the joining of a sperm and egg. 
29. 114: gene: section of DNA on a chromosome that contains instructions for making specific proteins.
30. 143: genetic engineering: biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of a gene's DNA to improve crop production, produce large volumes of medicine, and change how cells perform their normal functions. 
31. 128: genetics: the study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles. 
32. 132: genotype: the genetic makeup of an organism.
33. 26: genus: first word of the two-word scientific name used to identify a group of similar species. 
34. 45: Golgi bodies: organelles that package cellular materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell.
35. 162: gradulism: model describing evolution as a slow process by which one species changes into a new species through a continuing series of mutations and variations over time. 
36. 107: haploid: cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
37. 128: heredity: the passing of traits from parent to offspring. 
38. 132: heterozygous: describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait. 
39. 17: homeostasis: regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining conditions.
40. 173: hominid: humanlike primate that appeared about 4 million to 6 million years ago, ate both plants and meat, and walked upright on two legs. 
41. 175: Homo sapiens: early humans that likely evolved from Cro-Magnons. 
42. 170: homologous: body parts that are similar in structure and origin and can be similar in function. 
43. 132: homozygous: describes an organism with two alleles that are the same for a trait. 
44. 54: host cell: living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli. 
45. 130: hybrid: an offspring that was given different genetic information for a trait from each parent. 
46. 10: hypothesis: predication that can be tested. 
47. 136: incomplete dominance: production of a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous parents. (phenotype - pheno- "to show" + type)
48. 73: inorganic compound: compound, such as H2O, that is made from elements other than carbon and whose atoms usually can be arranged in only one structure. 
49. 25: kingdom: first and largest category used to classify organisms. 
50. 12: law: statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true consistantly. 
51. 107: meiosis: reproductive process that produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms. 
52. 83: metabolism: the total of all chemical reactions in an organism. 
53. 44: mitochondrion: cell organelle that breaks down food and release energy. 
54. 100: mitosis: cell process in which the nucleus divides to form two nuclei identical to each other, and identical to the orginal nucleus, in a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase). 
55. 71: mixture: a combination of substances in which the individual substances do not change or combine chemically but instead retain their own individual properties; can be gases, solids, liquids, or any combination of them. 
56. 116: mutation: any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell; may be beneficial, harmful, or have little effect on an organism. 
57. 158: natural selection: a process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce; includes concepts of variation, overproduction, and competition. 
58. 42: nucleus: organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA. 
59. 47: organ: structure, such as the heart, made up of different types of tissues that all work together.
60. 42: organelle: structure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that can act as a storage site, process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances. 
61. 72: organic compounds: compounds that always contain hydrogen and carbon; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic compounds found in living things. 
62. 16: organism: the living thing.
63. 78: osmosis: a type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane. 
64. 76: passive transport: movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion. 
65. 132: phenotype: outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism as a result of its genotype.
66. 84: photosynthesis: process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen. 
67. 25: phylogeny: evolutionary history of an organism; used today to group organisms into six kingdoms.
68. 138: polygenic inheritance: occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait, such as human eye color, skin color, or height. 
69. 172: primates: group of mammals including humans, monkeys, and apes that share chacteristics such as opposable thumbs, binocular vision, and flexible shoulders. 
70. 162: punctuated equilibrium: model describing the rapid evolution that occurs when mutation of a few genes results in a species suddenly changing into a new species. 
71. 132: Punnett square: a tool to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring that shows the different ways alleles can combine.
72. 167: radioactive element: element that give off a steady amount of radiation as it slowly changes to a non-radioactive element. 
73. 130: recessive: describes a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear. 
74. 85: respiration: process by which producers and consumers release stored energy from food molecules. 
75. 44: ribosome: small cytoplasmic structure on which cells make their own proteins.
76. 114: RNA: ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes. 
77. 9: scientific methods: procedures used to solve problems and answer questions that can include stating the problem, gathering information, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis with an experiment, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions. 
78. 166: sedimentary rock: a type of rock, such as limestone, that is mostly likely to contain fossils and is formed when layer of sand, silt, clay, or mud are cemented and compacted together or when minerals are deposited from a solution. 
79. 141: sex-linked gene: an allele inherited on a sex chromosome and that can cause human disorders such as color blindness and hemophilia. 
80. 106: sexual reproduction: a type of reproduction in which two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to from a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity. 
81. 156: species: group of organsms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves producing fertile offspring. 
82. 106: sperm: haploid sex cell formed in the male reproductive organs.
83. 21: spontaneous generation: idea that living things come from nonliving things.
84. 12: theory: explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge resulting from many observations and experiments. 
85. 47: tissue: group of similar cells that work together to do one job.
86. 11: variable: something in an experiment that can change.
87. 160: variation: inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of the same species and results from a mutation in the organism's genes. 
88. 170: vestigial structure: structure, such as the human appendix, that doesn't seem to have a function and may once have functioned in the body of an ancestor. 
89. 54: virus: a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating. 
90. 106: zygote: new diploid cell formed when a perm fertilizaes an egg; will divided by mitosis and develop into a new organism. 

 

术语表（Glossary in Chapter Order）

Page	Terminology	Description
9	scientific methods	procedures used to solve problems and answer questions that can include stating the problem, gathering information, forming a hypothesis, testing the hypothesis with an experiment, analyzing data, and drawing conclusions.
10	hypothesis	predication that can be tested.
11	control	standard to which the outcome of a test is compared.
11	variable	something in an experiment that can change.
12	law	statement about how things work in nature that seems to be true consistantly.
12	theory	explanation of things or events based on scientific knowledge resulting from many observations and experiments.
16	cell	smallest unit of an organism that can carry on life functions.
16	organism	the living thing.
17	homeostasis	regulation of an organism's internal, life-maintaining conditions.
21	biogenesis	theory that living things come only from other living things.
21	spontaneous generation	idea that living things come from nonliving things.
25	kingdom	first and largest category used to classify organisms.
25	phylogeny	evolutionary history of an organism; used today to group organisms into six kingdoms.
26	binomial nomenclature	two-word naming system that gives all organsims their scientific name.
26	genus	first word of the two-word scientific name used to identify a group of similar species.
40	cell membrane	protective outer covering of all cells that regulates the interaction between the cell and the environment.
40	cytoplasm	constantly moving gel-like mixture inside the cell membrane that contains heredity material and is the location of most of a cell's life processes.
41	cell wall	rigid structure that encloses, supports, and protects the cells of plants, algae, fungi, and most bacteria.
42	nucleus	organelle that controls all the activities of a cell and contains hereditary material made of proteins and DNA.
42	organelle	structure in the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell that can act as a storage site, process energy, move materials, or manufacture substances.
44	chloroplast	green, chlorophyll-containing, plant-cell organelle that uses light energy to produce sugar from carbon dioxide and water.
44	mitochondrion	cell organelle that breaks down food and release energy.
44	ribosome	small cytoplasmic structure on which cells make their own proteins.
45	endoplasmic reticulum (ER)	cytoplasmic organelle that moves materials around in a cell and is made up of a complex series of folded membranes; can be rough (with attached ribosomes) or smooth (without attached ribosomes).
45	Golgi bodies	organelles that package cellular materials and transport them within the cell or out of the cell.
47	organ	structure, such as the heart, made up of different types of tissues that all work together.
47	tissue	group of similar cells that work together to do one job.
53	cell theory	states taht all organisms are made up of one or more cells, the cell is basic unit of life, and all cells come from other cells.
54	host cell	living cell in which a virus can actively multiply or in which a virus can hide until activated by environmental stimuli.
54	virus	a strand of hereditary material surrounded by a protein coating.
71	mixture	a combination of substances in which the individual substances do not change or combine chemically but instead retain their own individual properties; can be gases, solids, liquids, or any combination of them.
72	organic compounds	compounds that always contain hydrogen and carbon; carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are organic compounds found in living things.
73	enzyme	a type of protein that regulates nearly all chemical reactions in a cell.
73	inorganic compound	compound, such as H2O, that is made from elements other than carbon and whose atoms usually can be arranged in only one structure.
76	passive transport	movement of substances through a cell membrane without the use of cellular energy; includes diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.
77	diffusion	a type of passive transport in cells in which molecules move from areas where there are more of them to areas where there are fewer of them.
77	equilibrium	occurs when molecules of one substance are spread evenly throughout another substance.
78	osmosis	a type of passive transport that occurs when water diffuses through a cell membrane.
79	active transport	energy-requiring process in which transport proteins bind with particles and move them through a cell membrane.
80	endocytosis	process by which a cell takes in a substance by surrounding it with the cell membrance.
80	exocytosis	process by which vesicles release their contents outside the cell. (vesicle - from French vésicule or Latin vesicula, diminutive of vesica ‘bladder’.)
83	metabolism	the total of all chemical reactions in an organism.
84	photosynthesis	process by which plants and many other producers use light energy to produce a simple sugar from carbon dioxide and water and give off oxygen.
85	respiration	process by which producers and consumers release stored energy from food molecules.
86	fermentation	process by which oxygen-lacking cells and some one-celled organsims release small amounts of energy from glucose molecules and produce wastes such as alcohol, carbon dioxide, and lactic acid.
100	chromesome	structure in a cell's nucleus that contains hereditary material.
100	mitosis	cell process in which the nucleus divides to form two nuclei identical to each other, and identical to the orginal nucleus, in a series of steps (prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase).
103	asexual reproduction	a type of reproduction --- fission, budding, and regeneration --- in which a new organism is produced from one organism and has DNA identical to the parent organism.
106	diploid	cell whose similar chromosomes occur in pairs.
106	egg	haploid sex cell formed in the female reproductive organs. (haploid - from Greek haploos ‘single’ + -oid)
106	fertilization	in sexual reproduction, the joining of a sperm and egg.
106	sexual reproduction	a type of reproduction in which two sex cells, usually an egg and a sperm, join to from a zygote, which will develop into a new organism with a unique identity.
106	sperm	haploid sex cell formed in the male reproductive organs.
106	zygote	new diploid cell formed when a perm fertilizaes an egg; will divided by mitosis and develop into a new organism.
107	haploid	cell that has half the number of chromosomes as body cells.
107	meiosis	reproductive process that produces four haploid sex cells from one diploid cell and ensures offspring will have the same number of chromosomes as the parent organisms.
112	DNA	deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material of all organisms; made up of two twisted strands of sugar-phosphate molecules and nitrogen bases.
114	gene	section of DNA on a chromosome that contains instructions for making specific proteins.
114	RNA	ribonucleic acid; a type of nucleic acid that carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes.
116	mutation	any permanent change in a gene or chromosome of a cell; may be beneficial, harmful, or have little effect on an organism.
128	allele	an alternate form that a gene may have for a single trait; can be dominant or recessive.
128	genetics	the study of how traits are inherited through the actions of alleles.
128	heredity	the passing of traits from parent to offspring.
130	dominant	describes a trait that covers over, dominates, another form of that trait.
130	hybrid	an offspring that was given different genetic information for a trait from each parent.
130	recessive	describes a trait that is covered over, or dominated, by another form of that trait and seems to disappear.
132	genotype	the genetic makeup of an organism.
132	heterozygous	describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait.
132	homozygous	describes an organism with two alleles that are the same for a trait.
132	phenotype	outward physical appearance and behavior of an organism as a result of its genotype.
132	Punnett square	a tool to predict the probability of certain traits in offspring that shows the different ways alleles can combine.
136	incomplete dominance	production of a phenotype that is intermediate between the two homozygous parents. (phenotype - pheno- "to show" + type)
138	polygenic inheritance	occurs when a group of gene pairs acts together and produces a specific trait, such as human eye color, skin color, or height.
141	sex-linked gene	an allele inherited on a sex chromosome and that can cause human disorders such as color blindness and hemophilia.
143	genetic engineering	biological and chemical methods to change the arrangement of a gene's DNA to improve crop production, produce large volumes of medicine, and change how cells perform their normal functions.
156	evolution	change in inherited characteristics over time.
156	species	group of organsms that share similar characteristics and can reproduce among themselves producing fertile offspring.
158	natural selection	a process by which organisms with traits best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce; includes concepts of variation, overproduction, and competition.
160	adaptation	any variation that makes an organism better suited to its environment.
160	variation	inherited trait that makes an individual different from other members of the same species and results from a mutation in the organism's genes.
162	gradulism	model describing evolution as a slow process by which one species changes into a new species through a continuing series of mutations and variations over time.
162	punctuated equilibrium	model describing the rapid evolution that occurs when mutation of a few genes results in a species suddenly changing into a new species.
166	sedimentary rock	a type of rock, such as limestone, that is mostly likely to contain fossils and is formed when layer of sand, silt, clay, or mud are cemented and compacted together or when minerals are deposited from a solution.
167	radioactive element	element that give off a steady amount of radiation as it slowly changes to a non-radioactive element.
169	embryology	study of embryos and their development. (embryo - via late Latin from Greek embruon ‘fetus’, from em- ‘into’ + bruein ‘swell, grow’.)
170	homologous	body parts that are similar in structure and origin and can be similar in function.
170	vestigial structure	structure, such as the human appendix, that doesn't seem to have a function and may once have functioned in the body of an ancestor.
172	primates	group of mammals including humans, monkeys, and apes that share chacteristics such as opposable thumbs, binocular vision, and flexible shoulders.
173	hominid	humanlike primate that appeared about 4 million to 6 million years ago, ate both plants and meat, and walked upright on two legs.
175	Homo sapiens	early humans that likely evolved from Cro-Magnons.