所有操作系统分类UNIX&macOS&类UNIX&Windows


以下为个人学习归纳,敬请各路神仙斧正,不胜感激。文章最后有操作系统大全


操作系统按照设计形式主要分为几大类

UNIX(systemV家族和BSD家族)、MacOS(属于BSD家族)、UNIX-like、DOS、Windows …


一、Unix

  • 所有系统都能够追溯到Unix身上,这款早在1969年就开发的系统可以说是所有系统的鼻祖
  • 只针对大型主机或服务器,目前主要用于工程应用和科学计算等领域。

POSIX标准

资料:知乎百度
使用POSIX标准的好处是方便移植

  • POSIX是Unix的标准。早期的Unix源代码流传出去了,加上早期的Unix不够完善,于是之后出现了好些独立开发的与Unix基本兼容但又不完全兼容的OS,通称Unix-like OS。局面混乱为了提高兼容性和应用程序的可移植性,标准化Unix-like OS,提出了大家都应该遵守的POSIX标准后来,Unix这个名字成为了商标,只有花钱进行POSIX标准兼容性测试并通过了的OS,才能称为Unix,其余的OS,最多称为Unix-like OS或者*nix OS。
  • 可移植操作系统接口(英语:Portable Operating System Interface,缩写为POSIX)是IEEE为要在各种UNIX操作系统上运行软件,而定义API的一系列互相关联的标准的总称,其正式称呼为IEEE Std 1003,而国际标准名称为ISO/IEC 9945。此标准源于一个大约开始于1985年的项目。POSIX这个名称是由理查德·斯托曼(RMS)应IEEE的要求而提议的一个易于记忆的名称。它基本上是Portable Operating System Interface(可移植操作系统接口)的缩写,而X则表明其对Unix API的传承。
  • 实际就是ISO,应用程序要在操作系统上运行,必须满足操作系统为应用程序提供的接口标准,POSIX就是操作系统支持一系列应用程序对外规定的接口标准。在开发应用程序时满足了对应的接口标准,就可以在对应的操作系统上运行。
  • windows也在支持POSIX标准
    • 遵循这个标准的好处是软件可以跨平台。所以windows也在支持,那么多优秀的开源软件,支持了这个这些软件就可能有windows版本,就可以完善丰富windows下的软件。
    • Windows从WinNT开始就有兼容POSIX的考虑。这是因为当年在要求严格的领域,Unix地位比Windows高。为了把Unix用户拉到Windows阵营,搞的。现在情况当然有变化,与当年大不相同了。现在最新的Win10对 Linux/POSIX 支持好,则是因为Linux已经统治了廉价服务器市场。为了提高Windows的竞争力搞的。

二、MacOS

Apple公司,基于Unix内核的图形化操作系统,是唯一获得UNIX标准认定的系统。

  • 由于UNIX标准认定价格昂贵,所以MacOS是唯一获得UNIX标准认定的为苹果的MACOS系统。其实Linux也基本上完全符合了Unix标准

三、类Unix (Unix-like)

  • 百度:类Unix系统(英文:Unix-like)是指继承UNIX的设计风格演变出来的系统(比如GNU/Linux、FreeBSD、OpenBSD、SUN公司的Solaris、Minix、QNX等),这些操作系统虽然有的是自由软件,有的是商业软件,但都相当程度地继承了原始UNIX的特性,有许多相似处,并且都在一定程度上遵守POSIX规范,但是它们却并不含有UNIX的源代码。UNIX的源代码为SCO公司所有,属于商业软件,UNIX的商标权和UNIX标准认定属于OPENGROUP所有。由于UNIX标准认定价格昂贵,所以唯一获得UNIX标准认定的为苹果的MACOS系统。

GNU/Linux

通常说的Linux,全称GNU/Linux

unix-like中以GNU/Linux最为典型

GNU/Linux符合 UNIX 99.9%的设计规范,有自己独特的创新。并且和商用(即收费的)Unix一样稳定


四、DOS&Windows系列

均为Microsoft公司开发(DOS开始是微软在西雅图一家公司买来,同IBM一同研发的)。
DOS只支持命令操作,windows则有了良好的图形操作界面。

windows早期基于DOS内核,直到windows95/98。都说win98摆脱了Dos,但实际上它也是运行在dos下的一个高级的保护模式程序。

现在用的Windows都是基于Windows NT内核的 (NT=New Technology)。Windows NT是Microsoft的一个操作系统内核,也泛指所有基于此内核的操作系统(常用的个人系统从win xp到win10都属于Windows NT)

维基百科:DOS各版本发展表
在这里插入图片描述

维基百科:Windows NT各版本及对应系统表在这里插入图片描述

windows家族表

截取自:wiki-Microsoft Windows最下方
在这里插入图片描述

所有操作系统图谱

在百度百科-DOS最下面
在这里插入图片描述


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其他

2021-03-12
今天看到一个视频,有用

在内存只有24KB的电脑上写操作系统,是怎样的体验?上古大神如何三周写出UNIX操作系统?

2021-04-12

操作系统分类

  1. 按用户界面的使用环境和功能特征分为:批处理操作系统,分时操作系统,实时操作系统;
  2. 按计算机体系结构的发展分为:个人操作系,智能卡操作系统,网络操作系统、分布式操作系统、嵌入式操作系统,、批处理操作系统。
  3. 分时系统:它的设计思想是,CPU的时间划分为若干个小片段,每个任务依次执行一小片段。主要应用于多用户操作,如linux.
  4. 实时操作系统:实时操作系统是指使计算机能在规定的时间内及时响应外部事件的请求。如u-cos.
  5. 嵌入式操作系统特点:嵌入式操作系统具有高可靠性、实时性、占有资源少、智能化能源管理、易于连接、低成本等优点。
  6. 嵌入式操作系统特点:嵌入式操作系统具有高可靠性、实时性、占有资源少、智能化能源管理、易于连接、低成本等点。
  7. 网络操作系统 特点:相互通信及资源共享,两种模式:集中式模式、分布式模式。
  8. 分布式操作系统特点:
    1. 是一个统一的操作系统实现资源的深度共享
    2. 网络操作系统和分布式操作系统主要不同在于:
      • 网络操作系统可以构架于不同的操作系统。网络操作系统不要求对网络资源透明的访问,对本地资源和异地资源访问区别对待。
      • 分布式操作系统强调单一操作系统对整个分布式系统。换句话说当面临大的计算任务,就是一台电脑处理不过来,多台电脑同时处理
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Oracle will host a webcast on November 7, 2012 at 8 a.m. Pacific time on Oracle Solaris 11.1 and Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1, featuring Markus Flierl, vice president, Oracle Solaris Engineering, Core Technology and Bill Nesheim, vice president, Oracle Solaris Engineering, Platform Software. Register here. This event will also include an interactive chat with core developers of Oracle Solaris and Oracle Solaris Cluster. New and Enhanced Features in Oracle Solaris 11.1 Oracle Solaris 11.1 increases the performance, availability and I/O throughput of the latest Oracle Database technology. A new, optimized shared memory interface between the Oracle Database and Oracle Solaris 11.1 provides 8x faster database startup and shutdown, as well as online resizing of the Oracle Database System Global Area (SGA). Oracle Solaris 11.1 introduces unique new capabilities for optimizing Oracle Database performance. Oracle Solaris 11.1 exposes Oracle Solaris DTrace I/O interfaces that allow an Oracle Database administrator to identify I/O outliers and subsequently isolate network or storage bottlenecks. A new Oracle Solaris DTrace plug-in for Oracle Java Mission Control to enable customers to profile Java applications on Oracle Solaris production systems. New cloud management features add to Oracle Solaris 11’s zero overhead built-in virtualization capabilities across system, network and storage resources, including expanded support for Software Defined Networks (SDN) with Edge Virtual Bridging enhancements, to maximize network resource utilization and manage bandwidth in cloud environments. New built-in memory predictor monitors application memory use and provides optimized memory page sizes and resource location to speed overall application performance. Support for an unprecedented 32 TB of RAM and thousands of CPUs unlocks the full potential of Oracle’s latest server systems. 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OPN members can find Oracle Solaris tools and resources in the Oracle Solaris Knowledge Zone, including Oracle Solaris Ready, Oracle Solaris 11 Specialization and Oracle Solaris Development Initiative. The Oracle Solaris Remote Lab now provides a secure cloud environment for OPN members to test and validate their applications with Oracle Solaris 11 in SPARC and x86 virtual environments. Supporting Quotes “Oracle recommends Oracle Solaris 11 for all UNIX®-based Oracle implementations. Oracle Solaris 11.1 delivers over 300 new performance and feature enhancements and is engineered together with Oracle Database, middleware, applications to increase performance, streamline management and automate support for Oracle deployments,” said John Fowler, executive vice president, Systems, Oracle. “The combination of the secure, highly available capabilities of Oracle Solaris Cluster 4.1 and the built-in virtualization of Oracle Solaris 11.1 helps customers bring their most mission-critical applications into a cost effective, agile cloud environment and delivers extreme availability for enterprise applications.” “Clients are looking for ways to reduce the complexity of systems management while enabling Platform as a Service (PaaS) & Software as a Service (SaaS) clouds,” says Lee Diamante, solutions architect, Systems Computing Solutions at Forsythe. “The value of Oracle Solaris 11 is that it maintains all the enterprise-class features expected with a mission-critical OS, while bringing in new, innovative technologies. Forsythe has a long and rich history of delivering customer solutions on Oracle Solaris systems. This is why we are excited about the Solaris 11.1 release.” “Oracle is making it much easier for partners like Informatica to gain access to their software with the new testing environments; shrinking the time to measurable results and value,” said Julie Lockner, vice president, ILM, Informatica. “With the release of Oracle Solaris 11.1 Informatica customers now have access to mission critical deployments across major industries, with an environment of high performance and high availability. With all the new feature enhancements, we look forward to making the Informatica Platform certified on the Oracle Solaris 11 product family.”

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