SQL day1总结

基础查询：案例：
#1. 下面的语句是否可以执行成功
SELECT last_name , job_id , salary AS sal
FROM employees;

#2.下面的语句是否可以执行成功
SELECT * FROM employees;

#3.找出下面语句中的错误
SELECT employee_id , last_name,
salary * 12 AS “ANNUAL SALARY”
FROM employees;

#4.显示表departments的结构，并查询其中的全部数据

DESC departments;
SELECT * FROM departments;

#5.显示出表employees中的全部job_id（不能重复）
SELECT DISTINCT job_id FROM employees;

#6.显示出表employees的全部列，各个列之间用逗号连接，列头显示成OUT_PUT

SELECT
IFNULL(commission_pct,0) AS 奖金率,
commission_pct
FROM
employees;

#-------------------------------------------

SELECT
CONCAT(first_name,’,’,last_name,’,’,job_id,’,’,IFNULL(commission_pct,0)) AS out_put
FROM
employees;

***基础查询：***
#进阶1：基础查询

/*
语法：
select 查询列表 from 表名;

类似于：System.out.println(打印东西);

特点：

1、查询列表可以是：表中的字段、常量值、表达式、函数
2、查询的结果是一个虚拟的表格
*/

USE myemployees;

#1.查询表中的单个字段

SELECT last_name FROM employees;

#2.查询表中的多个字段
SELECT last_name,salary,email FROM employees;

#3.查询表中的所有字段

#方式一：
SELECT
employee_id,
first_name,
last_name,
phone_number,
last_name,
job_id,
phone_number,
job_id,
salary,
commission_pct,
manager_id,
department_id,
hiredate
FROM
employees ;
#方式二：
SELECT * FROM employees;

#4.查询常量值
SELECT 100;
SELECT ‘john’;

#5.查询表达式
SELECT 100%98;

#6.查询函数

SELECT VERSION();

#7.起别名
/*
①便于理解
②如果要查询的字段有重名的情况，使用别名可以区分开来

*/
#方式一：使用as
SELECT 100%98 AS 结果;
SELECT last_name AS 姓,first_name AS 名 FROM employees;

#方式二：使用空格
SELECT last_name 姓,first_name 名 FROM employees;

#案例：查询salary，显示结果为 out put
SELECT salary AS “out put” FROM employees;

#8.去重

#案例：查询员工表中涉及到的所有的部门编号
SELECT DISTINCT department_id FROM employees;

#9.+号的作用

/*

java中的+号：
①运算符，两个操作数都为数值型
②连接符，只要有一个操作数为字符串

mysql中的+号：
仅仅只有一个功能：运算符

select 100+90; 两个操作数都为数值型，则做加法运算
select ‘123’+90;只要其中一方为字符型，试图将字符型数值转换成数值型
如果转换成功，则继续做加法运算
select ‘john’+90; 如果转换失败，则将字符型数值转换成0

select null+10; 只要其中一方为null，则结果肯定为null

*/

#案例：查询员工名和姓连接成一个字段，并显示为 姓名

SELECT CONCAT(‘a’,‘b’,‘c’) AS 结果;

SELECT
CONCAT(last_name,first_name) AS 姓名
FROM
employees;
条件查询：
#进阶2：条件查询
/*

语法：
select
查询列表
from
表名
where
筛选条件;

分类：
一、按条件表达式筛选

简单条件运算符：> < = != <> >= <=

二、按逻辑表达式筛选
逻辑运算符：
作用：用于连接条件表达式
	&& || !
	and or not
	
&&和and：两个条件都为true，结果为true，反之为false
||或or： 只要有一个条件为true，结果为true，反之为false
!或not： 如果连接的条件本身为false，结果为true，反之为false

三、模糊查询
	like
	between and
	in
	is null

*/
#一、按条件表达式筛选

#案例1：查询工资>12000的员工信息

SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary>12000;

#案例2：查询部门编号不等于90号的员工名和部门编号
SELECT
last_name,
department_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
department_id<>90;

#二、按逻辑表达式筛选

#案例1：查询工资z在10000到20000之间的员工名、工资以及奖金
SELECT
last_name,
salary,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
salary>=10000 AND salary<=20000;
#案例2：查询部门编号不是在90到110之间，或者工资高于15000的员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
NOT(department_id>=90 AND department_id<=110) OR salary>15000;
#三、模糊查询
/*
like

between and
in
is null|is not null

/
#1.like
/
特点：
①一般和通配符搭配使用
通配符：
% 任意多个字符,包含0个字符
_ 任意单个字符
*、

#案例1：查询员工名中包含字符a的员工信息

select
*
from
employees
where
last_name like ‘%a%’;#abc
#案例2：查询员工名中第三个字符为e，第五个字符为a的员工名和工资
select
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE ‘__n_l%’;

#案例3：查询员工名中第二个字符为_的员工名

SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE
last_name LIKE ‘_KaTeX parse error: Expected group after '_' at position 1: _̲%' ESCAPE '’;
#2.between and
/*
①使用between and 可以提高语句的简洁度
②包含临界值
③两个临界值不要调换顺序

*/

#案例1：查询员工编号在100到120之间的员工信息

SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id >= 120 AND employee_id<=100;
#----------------------
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE
employee_id BETWEEN 120 AND 100;

#3.in
/*
含义：判断某字段的值是否属于in列表中的某一项
特点：
①使用in提高语句简洁度
②in列表的值类型必须一致或兼容
③in列表中不支持通配符

*/
#案例：查询员工的工种编号是 IT_PROG、AD_VP、AD_PRES中的一个员工名和工种编号

SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id = ‘IT_PROT’ OR job_id = ‘AD_VP’ OR JOB_ID =‘AD_PRES’;

#------------------

SELECT
last_name,
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE
job_id IN( ‘IT_PROT’ ,‘AD_VP’,‘AD_PRES’);

#4、is null
/*
=或<>不能用于判断null值
is null或is not null 可以判断null值

*/

#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NULL;

#案例1：查询有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct IS NOT NULL;

#----------以下为×
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees

WHERE
salary IS 12000;

#安全等于 <=>

#案例1：查询没有奖金的员工名和奖金率
SELECT
last_name,
commission_pct
FROM
employees
WHERE
commission_pct <=>NULL;

#案例2：查询工资为12000的员工信息
SELECT
last_name,
salary
FROM
employees

WHERE
salary <=> 12000;

#is null pk <=>

IS NULL:仅仅可以判断NULL值，可读性较高，建议使用
<=> :既可以判断NULL值，又可以判断普通的数值，可读性较低

附录,sql常见命令：
Microsoft Windows [版本 6.1.7600]
版权所有 © 2009 Microsoft Corporation。保留所有权利。

C:\Windows\system32>net stop mysql0815
MySQL0815 服务正在停止.
MySQL0815 服务已成功停止。

C:\Windows\system32>net start mysql0815
MySQL0815 服务正在启动 .
MySQL0815 服务已经启动成功。

C:\Windows\system32>mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -p
Enter password: ****
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.5.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright © 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit
Bye

C:\Windows\system32>mysql -h localhost -P 3306 -u root -proot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 3
Server version: 5.5.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright © 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> exit
Bye

C:\Windows\system32>mysql -u root -proot
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.5.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright © 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show databases;
±-------------------+
| Database |
±-------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
±-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> show tables;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show tables from mysql;
±--------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
±--------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| host |
| ndb_binlog_index |
| plugin |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| proxies_priv |
| servers |
| slow_log |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
±--------------------------+
24 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select database();
±-----------+
| database() |
±-----------+
| test |
±-----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> create table stuinfo(
-> id int,
-> name varchar(20));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> show tables;
±---------------+
| Tables_in_test |
±---------------+
| stuinfo |
±---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc stuinfo;
±------±------------±-----±----±--------±------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
±------±------------±-----±----±--------±------+
| id | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
±------±------------±-----±----±--------±------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stuinfo;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into stuinfo (id,name) values(1,‘john’);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> insert into stuinfo (id,name) values(2,‘rose’);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 1 | john |
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update stuinfo set name=‘lilei’ where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from stuinfo;
±-----±------+
| id | name |
±-----±------+
| 1 | lilei |
| 2 | rose |
±-----±------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from stuinfo where id=1;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select version();
±----------+
| version() |
±----------+
| 5.5.15 |
±----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> exit
Bye

C:\Windows\system32>mysql --version
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.15, for Win32 (x86)

C:\Windows\system32>mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.15, for Win32 (x86)

C:\Windows\system32>mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: ****
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 5
Server version: 5.5.15 MySQL Community Server (GPL)

Copyright © 2000, 2010, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;’ or ‘\h’ for help. Type ‘\c’ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> show DATABASES;
±-------------------+
| Database |
±-------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
±-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SHOW DATABASES\g
±-------------------+
| Database |
±-------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| test |
±-------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> use test;
Database changed
mysql> select * from stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select *
-> from stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> SELECT
-> *
-> FROM
-> stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from stuinfo;
±-----±-----+
| id | name |
±-----±-----+
| 2 | rose |
±-----±-----+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> #select * from stuinfo;
mysql>