栈(Stack)是一种线性结构
相比数组,栈对应的操作是数组的子集
只能从一端添加元素,也只能从一端取出元素
这一端叫做栈顶
后进先出(LIFO)的数据结构
应用
- 无处不在Undo操作(撤销)
- 程序调用的系统栈
栈的实现Stack<E>
- void push(E)
- E pop()
- E peak()
- int getSize()
- boolean isEmpty()
这里采用继承和封装的形式来实现栈的底层实现
public class Array<E> {
private E[] data;
private int size;
// 构造函数,传入数组的容量capacity构造Array
public Array(int capacity){
data = (E[])new Object[capacity];
size = 0;
}
// 无参数的构造函数,默认数组的容量capacity=10
public Array(){
this(10);
}
// 获取数组的容量
public int getCapacity(){
return data.length;
}
// 获取数组中的元素个数
public int getSize(){
return size;
}
// 返回数组是否为空
public boolean isEmpty(){
return size == 0;
}
// 在index索引的位置插入一个新元素e
public void add(int index, E e){
if(index < 0 || index > size)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Add failed. Require index >= 0 and index <= size.");
if(size == data.length)
resize(2 * data.length);
for(int i = size - 1; i >= index ; i --)
data[i + 1] = data[i];
data[index] = e;
size ++;
}
// 向所有元素后添加一个新元素
public void addLast(E e){
add(size, e);
}
// 在所有元素前添加一个新元素
public void addFirst(E e){
add(0, e);
}
// 获取index索引位置的元素
public E get(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Get failed. Index is illegal.");
return data[index];
}
public E getLast(){
return get(size - 1);
}
public E getFirst(){
return get(0);
}
// 修改index索引位置的元素为e
public void set(int index, E e){
if(index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Set failed. Index is illegal.");
data[index] = e;
}
// 查找数组中是否有元素e
public boolean contains(E e){
for(int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++){
if(data[i].equals(e))
return true;
}
return false;
}
// 查找数组中元素e所在的索引,如果不存在元素e,则返回-1
public int find(E e){
for(int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++){
if(data[i].equals(e))
return i;
}
return -1;
}
// 从数组中删除index位置的元素, 返回删除的元素
public E remove(int index){
if(index < 0 || index >= size)
throw new IllegalArgumentException("Remove failed. Index is illegal.");
E ret = data[index];
for(int i = index + 1 ; i < size ; i ++)
data[i - 1] = data[i];
size --;
data[size] = null; // loitering objects != memory leak
if(size == data.length / 4 && data.length / 2 != 0)
resize(data.length / 2);
return ret;
}
// 从数组中删除第一个元素, 返回删除的元素
public E removeFirst(){
return remove(0);
}
// 从数组中删除最后一个元素, 返回删除的元素
public E removeLast(){
return remove(size - 1);
}
// 从数组中删除元素e
public void removeElement(E e){
int index = find(e);
if(index != -1)
remove(index);
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append(String.format("Array: size = %d , capacity = %d\n", size, data.length));
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++){
res.append(data[i]);
if(i != size - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append(']');
return res.toString();
}
// 将数组空间的容量变成newCapacity大小
private void resize(int newCapacity){
E[] newData = (E[])new Object[newCapacity];
for(int i = 0 ; i < size ; i ++)
newData[i] = data[i];
data = newData;
}
}
public interface Stack<E> {
int getSize();
boolean isEmpty();
void push(E e);
E pop();
E peek();
}
public class ArrayStack<E> implements Stack<E> {
private Array<E> array;
public ArrayStack(int capacity){
array = new Array<>(capacity);
}
public ArrayStack(){
array = new Array<>();
}
@Override
public int getSize(){
return array.getSize();
}
@Override
public boolean isEmpty(){
return array.isEmpty();
}
public int getCapacity(){
return array.getCapacity();
}
@Override
public void push(E e){
array.addLast(e);
}
@Override
public E pop(){
return array.removeLast();
}
@Override
public E peek(){
return array.getLast();
}
@Override
public String toString(){
StringBuilder res = new StringBuilder();
res.append("Stack: ");
res.append('[');
for(int i = 0 ; i < array.getSize() ; i ++){
res.append(array.get(i));
if(i != array.getSize() - 1)
res.append(", ");
}
res.append("] top");
return res.toString();
}
}
leedcode
有效的括号:
Given a string containing just the characters '(', ')', '{', '}', '[' and ']', determine if the input string is valid.
An input string is valid if:
Open brackets must be closed by the same type of brackets.
Open brackets must be closed in the correct order.
Note that an empty string is also considered valid.
题解:按栈来做,把([{,push进栈,然后检测下一个字符是否和栈顶(pop)相等,不相等则false。
遍历完了还要检测stack是否为空,为空,则说明匹配完成。算法复杂度分析:O(n)
import java.util.Stack;
class Solution {
public boolean isValid(String s) {
Stack<Character> stack=new Stack<>();
for (int i =0;i<s.length();i++){
char c=s.charAt(i);
if(c=='('||c=='['||c=='{')
stack.push(c);
else{
if(stack.isEmpty())
return false;
char topChar=stack.pop();
if(c==')'&&topChar!='(')
return false;
if(c==']'&&topChar!='[')
return false;
if(c=='}'&&topChar!='{')
return false;
}
}
return stack.isEmpty();
}
}