C++ Primer Note

C++ Primer

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chapter 1 Variable, Basic type

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1. bool, int, char, double, float
2. unsigned,long long
   • Use an unsigned type when you know that the values cannot be negative
   • Use double rather than float
   • Don’t Mix Signed and Unsigned Types
3. object is a region of memory that can contain data and has a type.
   • Don’t use Uninitialized Variables
4. scope of a name
   • grobal scope
   • block scope

Reference	Pointer
int &r = val	int *ptr = &val
bind to a object	hold the address of another object
not a object	a object
can’t reblind to a new object	can be assigned and copied
must be initialized	can be invaild

Note: ModernC++ programs generally should avoid using NULL and use nullptr instead.

6. void* Pointer
   • it can hold the address of any object, but the type of the object at that address is unknown.

Tip:It can be easier to understand complicated pointer or reference declarations if you read them from right to left.

7. const
   • const int &r = i; //r is bound to i;but can’t change i;
   • int *const ptr = & i; //ptr always point to i;
   • const int *ptr = & i; // ptr can point to another object,but can’t change i;
   • const int *const ptr = & i;
8. constexpr
9. auto
   • auto f(){/***/} // C++14才支持
10. decltype（推断函数返回类型）
    • decltype(f()) i = x; // i return the type of f(）
    • decltype((variable))?decltype(variable)?

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chapter 2 Vector,string,array

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1. namespace
   • Headers Should Not Include using Declarations
2. string
   • operate
     • os<<s,in>>s // 按空格记录
     • getline(is,s) // 按行记录
     • s.empty(), s.size()
     • s[n],+,-,==,!=,>,<
   • string::size_type //足够储存string的size，储存string size的变量类型，可以用auto替代
   • range for语句
     • for( auto i : str){ /***/}
   • char
     • ispunct()
     • toupper()
     • isspace()
3. vector
   • If differing element values are needed, it is usually more efficient to define an empty vector.
   • operate
     • push_back()
     • empty(), size()
     • ==, !=, <, >
   • vector< int >::size_type
   • 使用range for避免下标超出
4. iterator
   • begin(), end()
   • operate
     • ++it, --it, *it, ==, !=
   • binary search(二分查找)
     
5. Array

   • Tip：If you don’t know exactly how many elements you need, use a vector

   • int *ptr = &arr[0] // 或int *ptr = arr;

   • use iterator

     int *beg = begin(arr), *en = end(arr);
     while(beg!=en)
     	cout<<*beg++<<endl;
     

   • use array init vector

     • vector< int>v( begin(arr), end(arr) );

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chapter 3 Expression

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1. Arithmetic Operators
   • 单目优先性高于双目
   • “+，-”，*，/，%，+，-
   • m%(-n) = m%n, (-m)%n = -m%n
2. logic Operators
   • AND,OR,NOT,equal
3. Assignment is Right associate
   • "="的运算是从右往左，
   • ”=“的优先性极低，比关系操作符低
   • ”=“，"=="
4. 自加，自减
   • Adivse： 只在需要的时候采用后缀++,(后缀++需要返回一个拷贝的对象和值，而前缀只返回对象本身）
   • 使代码尽量简洁
5. The Condition Operate
   • cond ? exp1 : exp2;
6. Bitwise Operator
   • ~,<<,>>,&,^,|
   • 建议unsigned定义
7. sizeof

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chapter 4 Statement

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1. Null statement
   • Null statements should be commented.
2. if…else…
   • if与临近else匹配
3. switch
4. while, for, do while
   • 在for内定义的变量只在循环内可见
5. range for
   • If we want to write to the elements in the sequence, the loop variable must be a reference type.
6. break, continue
7. try…expect…
   • throw
   • try{/**/}catch{//}
   • …