【DVWA】Brute Force
一、low级别
1、测试流程
方法一:burp
用brup抓包,发送到Intruder模块
添加变量:
设置payload与字典:
payload1 | payload2 |
---|---|
开始攻击:
成功爆破出用户名admin,和密码password
**方法二:**万能密码
用万能密码也可以:
利用sql注入漏洞,使用常见密码admin,构造payload:admin' #
(#用于注释后面对于password的判断,使sql语句只查询admin然后返回TRUE)
实际执行的sql语句:SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = 'admin'
由于admin存在于users表中,所以返回结果为TRUE
2、源码分析
<?php
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) { //仅检查了login参数是否存在,没有做防暴力破解的措施
// Get username
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
// Get password
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Check the database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';"; //虽然对password进行了加密防止了sql注入,但是没有对user进行处理,所以可以利用sql注入漏洞用万能密码登录
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>
二、Medium级别
1、测试流程
使用上述方法用burp进行暴力破解时,发现速度非常之慢
用万能密码尝试也失败
2、源码分析
<?php
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
//分别对user和password使用mysqli_real_escape_string()进行转义(x00,n,r,,’,”,x1a)
// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Check the database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed //登陆失败后休眠2秒
sleep( 2 );
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
?>
与low级别相比,上述代码采用了mysqli_real_escape_string()函数对username、password中敏感字符(x00,n,r,,’,”,x1a)进行转义,对sql注入有一定的防范作用(宽字节可绕过),而且登录失败后sleep(2)休眠2秒,使得暴力破解的时间成本加大,有一定防范作用,但仍可破解。
三、high级别
1、测试流程
首先用burp抓包:
发现多了一个参数值user_token
每次服务器返回登录页面时都会包含一个随机的user_token值,每次用户登录时都要将user_token一起提交。服务器收到请求后,会优先做token的检查,再进行sql查询,所以这种情况下暴力破解的请求数据包必须包含随机值user_token,那么获取user_token就是绕过的关键点。
方法一:burp爆破(Grep-Extract)
将抓到的数据包发送到Intruder模块
选择Pitchfork模式(不能选择Clusterbomb模式,因为该模式会将token值代入password交叉爆破,这是我们不希望看到的),将password值添加到payload1,将user_token值添加到payload2,将username参数值改为admin(假设我们已经知道用户名为admin)
在选项模块将线程数设置为1,因为token值的限制,所以需要逐个去爆破
在Grep-Extract模块选择添加
输入token值起止的标识符,点击OK
添加payload,第一个payload添加密码字典,第二个payload添加递归搜索(Recursive grep)
点击开始攻击:
根据长度筛选正确的password
如图所示,成功爆破!
优点:快速便捷
缺点:只能设置两个payload,所以只能在知道用户名和密码其中一个的情况下使用
方法二:burp爆破DVWA登录密码
首先试错登录,用burp抓包
试错登录 | burp抓包 |
---|---|
接着选择Project option(项目选项)模块中的Sessions标签,点击Marco(宏)的Add按钮添加宏,此时会弹出两个页面。
弹出的两个页面,一个是Marco Editor(宏编辑器),一个是Marco Recorder(宏记录器)。
上面的两个数据包一个GET一个POST,都是登录页面,但GET那个是用来请求token的,POST才是真正用来提交的用户名密码以及token的,选择GET消息那个报文,点击OK,进入Editor界面
给宏起名,然后点击Configure item(项目设置)
在弹出的对话框中点击添加,添加要替换的字段。
设置参数的名称和起止字符
在Session Handing Rules(会话处理规则)模块中点击添加
在弹出的对话框中,设置规则名,添加宏
选择需要更新的参数
选择使用范围:
到此为止,宏就算录制完毕了
开始攻击:
将POST登录请求数据包发送到Intruder模块
因为登录过程会有重定向,所以要在option选项卡中选择总是关注重定向
然后设置变量:
设置Clusterbomb模式,将username和password设置为变量
最后设置payload:
分别为username和password设置相应的字典:
然后开始攻击:
如图所示,爆破成功!
注意:涉及到token的暴力破解一定要设置为单线程。
2、源码分析
<?php
if( isset( $_GET[ 'Login' ] ) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );
// Sanitise username input
$user = $_GET[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
// Sanitise password input
$pass = $_GET[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// Check database
$query = "SELECT * FROM `users` WHERE user = '$user' AND password = '$pass';";
$result = mysqli_query($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $query ) or die( '<pre>' . ((is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_error($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) : (($___mysqli_res = mysqli_connect_error()) ? $___mysqli_res : false)) . '</pre>' );
if( $result && mysqli_num_rows( $result ) == 1 ) {
// Get users details
$row = mysqli_fetch_assoc( $result );
$avatar = $row["avatar"];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area {$user}</p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
}
else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 0, 3 ) );
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.</pre>";
}
((is_null($___mysqli_res = mysqli_close($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]))) ? false : $___mysqli_res);
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>
stripslashes()
函数:删除由 addslashes()函数添加的反斜杠。
相比于medium级别,high级别增加了token验证机制,登陆时客户端会将token一同发送到服务器端,服务器校验成功后才会执行后面的sql语句。增加了爆破的难度,同时也预防了CSRF攻击。
三、impossible级别
源码分析
<?php
if( isset( $_POST[ 'Login' ] ) && isset ($_POST['username']) && isset ($_POST['password']) ) {
// Check Anti-CSRF token
checkToken( $_REQUEST[ 'user_token' ], $_SESSION[ 'session_token' ], 'index.php' );
// 获取并转义username参数值
$user = $_POST[ 'username' ];
$user = stripslashes( $user );
$user = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $user ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
// 获取并转义password参数值
$pass = $_POST[ 'password' ];
$pass = stripslashes( $pass );
$pass = ((isset($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"]) && is_object($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"])) ? mysqli_real_escape_string($GLOBALS["___mysqli_ston"], $pass ) : ((trigger_error("[MySQLConverterToo] Fix the mysql_escape_string() call! This code does not work.", E_USER_ERROR)) ? "" : ""));
$pass = md5( $pass );
// 设置一些默认值
$total_failed_login = 3; //登录失败的最大次数
$lockout_time = 15; //账户锁定时间
$account_locked = false;
// Check the database (Check user information)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT failed_login, last_login FROM users WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch(); //返回一个索引为结果集列名和以0开始的列号的数组
// Check to see if the user has been locked out.
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $row[ 'failed_login' ] >= $total_failed_login ) ) {
// User locked out. Note, using this method would allow for user enumeration!
//echo "<pre><br />This account has been locked due to too many incorrect logins.</pre>";
// Calculate when the user would be allowed to login again
$last_login = strtotime( $row[ 'last_login' ] );
//strtotime() 函数将任何英文文本的日期或时间描述解析为 Unix 时间戳(自 January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT 起的秒数)。
$timeout = $last_login + ($lockout_time * 60);
$timenow = time();
/*
print "The last login was: " . date ("h:i:s", $last_login) . "<br />";
print "The timenow is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timenow) . "<br />";
print "The timeout is: " . date ("h:i:s", $timeout) . "<br />";
*/
// Check to see if enough time has passed, if it hasn't locked the account
if( $timenow < $timeout ) {
$account_locked = true;
// print "The account is locked<br />";
}
}
// Check the database (if username matches the password)
$data = $db->prepare( 'SELECT * FROM users WHERE user = (:user) AND password = (:password) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR);
$data->bindParam( ':password', $pass, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
$row = $data->fetch();
// If its a valid login...
if( ( $data->rowCount() == 1 ) && ( $account_locked == false ) ) {
// Get users details
$avatar = $row[ 'avatar' ];
$failed_login = $row[ 'failed_login' ];
$last_login = $row[ 'last_login' ];
// Login successful
echo "<p>Welcome to the password protected area <em>{$user}</em></p>";
echo "<img src=\"{$avatar}\" />";
// Had the account been locked out since last login?
if( $failed_login >= $total_failed_login ) {
echo "<p><em>Warning</em>: Someone might of been brute forcing your account.</p>";
echo "<p>Number of login attempts: <em>{$failed_login}</em>.<br />Last login attempt was at: <em>${last_login}</em>.</p>";
}
// Reset bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = "0" WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
} else {
// Login failed
sleep( rand( 2, 4 ) );
// Give the user some feedback
echo "<pre><br />Username and/or password incorrect.<br /><br/>Alternative, the account has been locked because of too many failed logins.<br />If this is the case, <em>please try again in {$lockout_time} minutes</em>.</pre>";
// Update bad login count
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET failed_login = (failed_login + 1) WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}
// Set the last login time
$data = $db->prepare( 'UPDATE users SET last_login = now() WHERE user = (:user) LIMIT 1;' );
$data->bindParam( ':user', $user, PDO::PARAM_STR );
$data->execute();
}
// Generate Anti-CSRF token
generateSessionToken();
?>
impossible级别设置了防CSRE的token,做了PDO的参数化和预处理防止了SQL注入,还限制了最大失败登录的次数为三次,超过三次账户则会被锁定15分钟,有效防止了暴力破解。