文章目录
Servlet 介绍
Servlet(Server Applet)是Java Servlet的简称,用 Java 编写的服务器端程序,具有独立于平台和协议的特性,主要功能在于交互式地浏览和生成数据,生成动态Web内容
我们把实现了 Servlet 接口的 Java 程序叫做 Servlet , 它运行于支持 Java 的应用服务器中。从原理上讲,Servlet 可以响应任何类型的请求,但绝大多数情况下 Servlet 只用来扩展基于 HTTP 协议的 Web 服务器
Servlet 原理
Servlet 是由 Web 服务器调用,web 服务器是收到浏览器请求后,会
Mapping 问题
一个 Servlet 请求可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
ServletContext 对象
web 容器在启动的时候,它会为每个 web 程序都创建一个对应的 getServletContext 对象,它代表了当前的 web 应用;
- 共享数据:不同 Servlet 对象可以互相共享数据
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "马泽";
// 将一个数据保存在 context 中,名字为 username,值为 马泽
context.setAttribute("username",username);
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String)context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字:"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
ServletContext 应用
- 获取初始化参数
web.xml 文件
<!--配置一些 web 应用的初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.Demo3Servlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
public class Demo3Servlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req,resp);
}
}
- 请求转发
使用方法: getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
-
重定向
-
读取资源文件
当然以上这些其实几乎都不用 context 了,之后都会被替代
HttpServlet Response
web 服务器接收到客户端请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的 HttpServletRequest 对象,代表响应的一个 HttpServletResponse
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数,找 HttpServletRrquest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息,找 HttpServletResponse
1、简单分类
负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
负责向浏览器发送响应头的方法
下载文件
1、要获取下载文件的路径
2、下载的文件名是啥?
3、设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们所需要的东西
4、获取下载文件的输入流
5、创建缓冲区
6、获取 OutputStream 对象
7、将 FileOutputStream 流写入 buffer 缓冲区
8、使用 OutputStream 将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
9、关闭流
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0"
metadata-complete="true">
<servlet>
<servlet-name>gd5</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.FileServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>gd5</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/gd5</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
</web-app>
package com.maze.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletOutputStream;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.FileInputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.URLEncoder;
/**
* @Title:
* @Package
* @Description: 下载文件
* @author: maze
* @date 2020/11/29下午 14:29
*/
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1、要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath ="F:\\localcode\\javaweb-02-serlvet\\Response\\target\\classes\\下载文件1.txt";
System.out.println("下载的路径是"+realPath);
//2、下载的文件名是啥?
String fileName = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
//3、设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们所需要的东西
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"UTF-8"));
//4、获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
//5、创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6、获取 OutputStream 对象
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
//7、将 FileOutputStream 流写入 buffer 缓冲区
// 使用 OutputStream 将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端
while((len=in.read(buffer))>0){
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//8.关闭流
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
示意图
服务器文件保存在
HttpServlet Request
验证码实现
<servlet>
<servlet-name>ImageServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.maze.servlet.ImageServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>ImageServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/image</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
package com.maze.servlet;
import javax.imageio.ImageIO;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.image.BufferedImage;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.util.Random;
/**
* @Title:
* @Package
* @Description:
* @author: maze
* @date 2020/11/29下午 15:34
*/
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 浏览器每3s 刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
// 在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
//设置背景图片颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.blue);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(MakeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
// 把图片写给浏览器
boolean write = ImageIO.write(image,"jpg" ,resp.getOutputStream());
}
private String MakeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String s = random.nextInt(999999)+"";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i=0;i<7-s.length();++i){
sb.append("0");
}
s = sb.toString() + s;
return s;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
实现重定向
当 B 服务器收到 A 客户端的请求后,B 会通知 A 去访问另外一个资源C ,这个过程就叫 web 中的重定向
常见的常见:登录页面,注册页面等等
重写 doGet 方法中,
resp.sendRedirect("/img");
会被重定向到 /img 的路径中
其实底层做了两个步骤
resp.setHeader("Location","r/img");
resp.setStatus(302);
重定向和转发的区别?
- 页面都会实现跳转
- 请求转发的时候 url 不会变化,重定向 url 会变化
小练习:登录页面的跳转
package com.maze.servlet;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
import java.io.IOException;
/**
* @Title:
* @Package
* @Description:
* @author: maze
* @date 2020/11/29下午 21:35
*/
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
System.out.println("进入了这个请求");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
resp.sendRedirect("/Response_war/success.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>你进入 success 这个页面</h1>
</body>
</html>
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名: <input type="text" name="username"><br>
密码: <input type="password" name="password"><br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
后台也正确输出了