多态

什么是多态

• 多态的概念本身是比较抽象的，简单的解释就是一种事物有多种表现形态，具体到Java程序中，就是定义一个方法，在具体的生产环境中根据不同的需求呈现出不同的业务逻辑。
• 定义方法时形参为父类，调用方法时传入参数为子类对象。
• 定义方法时返回值的类型为父类调用方法时返回子类对象。
• 具有继承关系的两个对象可以相互转换，子类转父类即父类引用指向子类对象，可以自动完成，无需强制转换，也叫做向上转型。
• 父类转子类即子类引用指向父类对象，不能自动完成转换，需要强制转换，也叫做向下转型。

理解下面的代码。帮助你快速了解多态知识。

public class Member {
	public abstract void buyBook(){
	
	}
}

public class SuperMember extends Member{

	@Override
	public void buyBook() {
		// TODO Auto-generated method stub
		System.out.println("超级会员买书打三折！");
	}
	
}

public class OrdinaryMember extends Member{
	@Override
	public void buyBook() {
		System.out.println("普通会员买书打6折");
	}
}

public class Cashier {
	private Member member;
	
	public Member getMember() {
		return member;
	}

	public void setMember(Member member) {
		this.member = member;
	}
	
	public void settlement(Member member) {
		member.buyBook();
	}
	
	public Member getMember(String name) {
		if(name.equals("ordinaryMember")) {
			return new OrdinaryMember();
		}else {
			return new SuperMember();
		}
	}
}

public class Test {
	public static void main(String[] args) {
		OrdinaryMember ordinaryMember = new OrdinaryMember();
		SuperMember superMember = new SuperMember();
		Cashier cashier = new Cashier();
		//定义方法时形参为父类，调用方法时传入的参数为子类对象
		cashier.settlement(superMember);	
		
		//定义方法时返回值的类型为父类调用方法时返回子类对象
		OrdinaryMember member = (OrdinaryMember)cashier.getMember("ordinaryMember");
		SuperMember member2 = (SuperMember)cashier.getMember("superMember");
	}
}

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进阶

构造器和多态

思考下面代码，各类之间如何发生的！

class Meal {
	Meal() {
		System.out.println("Meal()");
	}
}

class Bread {
	Bread() {
		System.out.println("Bread()");
	}
}

class Cheese {
	Cheese() {
		System.out.println("Cheese()");
	}
}

class Lettuce {
	Lettuce() {
		System.out.println("Lettuce()");
	}
}

class A{
	A(){
		System.out.println("A()");
	}
}

class Lunch extends Meal {
	Lunch() {
		System.out.println("Lunch()");
	}
}

class PortableLunch extends Lunch {
	private A a = new A();
	PortableLunch() {
		System.out.println("PortableLunch()");
	}
}

public class Sandwich extends PortableLunch {
	private Bread b = new Bread();
	private Cheese c = new Cheese();
	private Lettuce l = new Lettuce();

	public Sandwich() {
		System.out.println("Sandwich()");
	}

	public static void main(String[] args) {
		new Sandwich();
	}
}

下面附加一个Java编程思想解释

• 构造器调用的顺序：
  

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