IPython常用快捷键和魔术命令

键盘快捷键

魔术命令

IPython中特殊的命令（Python中没有）被称作“魔术”命令。这些命令可以使普通任务更便捷，更容易控制IPython系统。魔术命令是在指令前添加百分号%前缀。例如，可以用%timeit令测量任何Python语句，例如矩阵乘法的执行时间:

In [20]: a = np.random.randn(100, 100) 
In [20]: %timeit np.dot(a, a)
10000 loops, best of 3: 20.9 µs per loop

魔术命令可以被看做IPython中运行的命令行。许多魔术命令有“命令行”选项，可以通过?查看

In [21]: %debug?
Docstring:
::

  %debug [--breakpoint FILE:LINE] [statement [statement ...]]

Activate the interactive debugger.

This magic command support two ways of activating debugger.
One is to activate debugger before executing code.  This way, you
can set a break point, to step through the code from the point.
You can use this mode by giving statements to execute and optionally
a breakpoint.

The other one is to activate debugger in post-mortem mode.  You can
activate this mode simply running %debug without any argument.
If an exception has just occurred, this lets you inspect its stack
frames interactively.  Note that this will always work only on the last
traceback that occurred, so you must call this quickly after an
exception that you wish to inspect has fired, because if another one
occurs, it clobbers the previous one.

If you want IPython to automatically do this on every exception, see
the %pdb magic for more details.

positional arguments:
  statement             Code to run in debugger. You can omit this in cell
                        magic mode.

optional arguments:
  --breakpoint <FILE:LINE>, -b <FILE:LINE>
                        Set break point at LINE in FILE.

魔术函数默认可以不用百分号，只要没有变量和函数名相同。这个特点被称为“自动魔术”，可以用%automagic打开或关闭.

一些魔术函数与Python函数很像，它的结果可以赋值给一个变量:

In [22]: %pwd
Out[22]: '/home/wesm/code/pydata-book

In [23]: foo = %pwd

In [24]: foo
Out[24]: '/home/wesm/code/pydata-book'

一些可以提高生产率的交互计算和Python开发的IPython指令：