HashMap为啥线程不安全？

1. HashMap1.7在多线程并发下扩容时，头插法会出现环。

    /**
     * Rehashes the contents of this map into a new array with a
     * larger capacity.  This method is called automatically when the
     * number of keys in this map reaches its threshold.
     *
     * If current capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY, this method does not
     * resize the map, but sets threshold to Integer.MAX_VALUE.
     * This has the effect of preventing future calls.
     *
     * @param newCapacity the new capacity, MUST be a power of two;
     *        must be greater than current capacity unless current
     *        capacity is MAXIMUM_CAPACITY (in which case value
     *        is irrelevant).
     */
    void resize(int newCapacity) {
        Entry[] oldTable = table;
        int oldCapacity = oldTable.length;
        if (oldCapacity == MAXIMUM_CAPACITY) {
            threshold = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
            return;
        }

        Entry[] newTable = new Entry[newCapacity];
        transfer(newTable, initHashSeedAsNeeded(newCapacity));
        table = newTable;
        threshold = (int)Math.min(newCapacity * loadFactor, MAXIMUM_CAPACITY + 1);
    }

    /**
     * Transfers all entries from current table to newTable.
     */
    void transfer(Entry[] newTable, boolean rehash) {
        int newCapacity = newTable.length;
        for (Entry<K,V> e : table) {
            while(null != e) {
                Entry<K,V> next = e.next;
                if (rehash) {
                    e.hash = null == e.key ? 0 : hash(e.key);
                }
                int i = indexFor(e.hash, newCapacity);
                e.next = newTable[i];
                newTable[i] = e;
                e = next;
            }
        }
    }

执行过程描述如下：首先线程1执行到代码1处时间片用完，此时线程1的e = a, next = b，然后线程2开始执行，并把该桶全部迁移了过去，随后线程1从之前的位置执行，此时e = a, next = b，但链表已经时线程2操作过的链表了，b的指向已经发生了变化，指向了a。此时对e=a再进行头插法操作（a.next=newTable[i], 也就是a指向c），会出现环。

2. HashMap1.8在put操作时，会出现并发问题。

public V put(K key, V value) {
    return putVal(hash(key), key, value, false, true);
}

    /**
     * Implements Map.put and related methods
     *
     * @param hash hash for key
     * @param key the key
     * @param value the value to put
     * @param onlyIfAbsent if true, don't change existing value
     * @param evict if false, the table is in creation mode.
     * @return previous value, or null if none
     */
    final V putVal(int hash, K key, V value, boolean onlyIfAbsent,
                   boolean evict) {
        Node<K,V>[] tab; Node<K,V> p; int n, i;
        if ((tab = table) == null || (n = tab.length) == 0)
            n = (tab = resize()).length;
        if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
            tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
        else {
            Node<K,V> e; K k;
            if (p.hash == hash &&
                ((k = p.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                e = p;
            else if (p instanceof TreeNode)
                e = ((TreeNode<K,V>)p).putTreeVal(this, tab, hash, key, value);
            else {
                for (int binCount = 0; ; ++binCount) {
                    if ((e = p.next) == null) {
                        p.next = newNode(hash, key, value, null);
                        if (binCount >= TREEIFY_THRESHOLD - 1) // -1 for 1st
                            treeifyBin(tab, hash);
                        break;
                    }
                    if (e.hash == hash &&
                        ((k = e.key) == key || (key != null && key.equals(k))))
                        break;
                    p = e;
                }
            }
            if (e != null) { // existing mapping for key
                V oldValue = e.value;
                if (!onlyIfAbsent || oldValue == null)
                    e.value = value;
                afterNodeAccess(e);
                return oldValue;
            }
        }
        ++modCount;
        if (++size > threshold)
            resize();
        afterNodeInsertion(evict);
        return null;
    }

主要是这行代码:

// 判断有没有hash碰撞，如果没有直接插入
if ((p = tab[i = (n - 1) & hash]) == null)
    tab[i] = newNode(hash, key, value, null);

这段代码是判断是否出现hash碰撞，假设两个线程A、B都在进行put操作，并且hash函数计算出的插入下标是相同的，当线程A执行完第六行代码后由于时间片耗尽导致被挂起，而线程B得到时间片后在该下标处插入了元素，完成了正常的插入，然后线程A获得时间片，由于之前已经进行了hash碰撞的判断，所有此时不会再进行判断，而是直接进行插入，这就导致了线程B插入的数据被线程A覆盖了，从而线程不安全。

if (++size > threshold)
    resize();

除此之前，还有这段代码的++size，我们这样想，还是线程A、B，这两个线程同时进行put操作时，假设当前HashMap的zise大小为10，当线程A执行到第38行代码时，从主内存中获得size的值为10后准备进行+1操作，但是由于时间片耗尽只好让出CPU，线程B快乐的拿到CPU还是从主内存中拿到size的值10进行+1操作，完成了put操作并将size=11写回主内存，然后线程A再次拿到CPU并继续执行(此时size的值仍为10)，当执行完put操作后，还是将size=11写回内存，此时，线程A、B都执行了一次put操作，但是size的值只增加了1，所有说还是由于数据覆盖又导致了线程不安全。因为这个size变量不具有内存可见性，可以用volatile修饰。

参考
https://juejin.cn/post/6917526751199526920