django rest framework 学习笔记-实战商城

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已于 2024-02-28 09:32:54 修改

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分类专栏： Django 文章标签： django 学习笔记

于 2024-02-21 00:57:05 首次发布

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/qq_44238024/article/details/136199703

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01项目环境搭建_哔哩哔哩_bilibili 本博客借鉴至大佬的视频学习笔记

# 创建项目
django-admin startproject MyShop

# 创建app
E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>django-admin startapp goods

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>django-admin startapp order

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>django-admin startapp cart

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>django-admin startapp users

创建apps文件夹放入的上面应用

# 注册应用
'rest_framework',
'corsheaders',
'apps.users',
'apps.goods',
'apps.cart',
'apps.order'

# 配置mysql
DATABASES = {
    'default': {
        'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql',
        'NAME': 'shop',
        'USER': 'root',
        'PASSWORD': 'pass',
        'HOST': 'localhost',
        'PORT': 3306
    }
}

# 允许所有的用户跨域请求
CORS_ORIGIN_ALLOW_ALL = True

# 中文及时区调整
LANGUAGE_CODE = 'zh-hans'

TIME_ZONE = 'Asia/Shanghai'

创建shop数据库

mysql> create database shop charset=utf8;
Query OK, 1 row affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)

公共表设计:

# 定义继承时，需要setting自定义用户类模型
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.User'

# 创建 common目录下db.py文件
from django.db import models

class BaseModel(models.Model):
    """ 抽象的模型基类，定义公共模型字段 """

    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True,verbose_name='创建时间')
    update_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now=True,verbose_name='更新时间')
    is_delete = models.BooleanField(default=False,verbose_name='删除标记')

    class Meta:
        # 声明这个是抽象模型，生成迁移文件时，不会在数据库生成表
        abstract = True
        verbose_name_plural = '公共字段表'
        db_table = 'BaseTabel'

用户表结构设计

from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser  # django自带的用户认证模型
from common.db import BaseModel
# Create your models here.

class User(AbstractUser,BaseModel):
    """用户表"""
    mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name='手机号',help_text='手机号',max_length=11,default='',blank=True)
    avatar = models.ImageField(verbose_name='用户头像',help_text='用户头像',max_length=30,null=True,blank=True)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'users'
        verbose_name = '用户表'

class Addr(models.Model):
    """收货地址模型"""
    user = models.ForeignKey('User',verbose_name='所属用户',on_delete=models.CASCADE)
    phone = models.CharField(verbose_name='手机号',help_text='手机号',max_length=11,null=True,blank=True)
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='联系人',help_text='联系人',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    province = models.CharField(verbose_name='省份',help_text='省份',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    city = models.CharField(verbose_name='城市',help_text='城市',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    country = models.CharField(verbose_name='区县',help_text='区县',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    is_default = models.BooleanField(verbose_name='是否为默认地址',help_text='省份',max_length=30,default=False)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'addr'
        verbose_name = '收货地址表'

class Area(models.Model):
    """省市区县地址模型"""
    pid = models.ImageField(verbose_name='上级ID',help_text='上级ID',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    name = models.CharField(verbose_name='地区名',help_text='地区名',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)
    level = models.CharField(verbose_name='区域等级',help_text='区域等级',max_length=20,null=True,blank=True)

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'area'
        verbose_name = '地区表'

class VerifyCode(models.Model):
    """验证码模型"""
    mobile = models.CharField(verbose_name='手机号码',help_text='手机号码',max_length=11,null=True,blank=True)
    code = models.CharField(verbose_name='验证码',help_text='验证码',max_length=6,null=True,blank=True)
    create_time = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True,verbose_name='生成时间',help_text='生成时间')

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'verifycode'
        verbose_name = '手机验证码表'

执行迁移文件，生成表结构

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>python manage.py makemigrations
Migrations for 'users':
apps\users\migrations\0001_initial.py
    - Create model User
    - Create model Area
    - Create model VerifyCode
    - Create model Addr

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>python manage.py migrate

结果展示：

用户鉴权：使用JWT认证

创建超级管理员用户

E:\desktop\my_drf\MyShop>python manage.py createsuperuser
用户名: pass
电子邮件地址: pass@qq.com
Password:
Password (again):

JWT权限认证配置

# 注册jwt
'rest_framework_simplejwt',

# 配置setting
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
    # DRF配置鉴权方式
    'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
        'rest_framework_simplejwt.authentication.JWTAuthentication',
        'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication',  # Basic 认证
        'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',  # Session 认证
    ),
}

# 配置总路由urls

path('api/users/',include('apps.users.urls'))

# user url 配置
from rest_framework_simplejwt.views import TokenVerifyView, TokenRefreshView, TokenObtainPairView

urlpatterns = [
    path('login/', TokenObtainPairView.as_view(), name='login'),  # 登录
    path('token/refresh/', TokenRefreshView.as_view(), name='token_refresh'),  # token 刷新
    path('token/verify/', TokenVerifyView.as_view(), name='token_verify'),  # token 效验
]

配置Postman环境变量

Postman运行示图：

自定义用户登录功能的实现

from rest_framework_simplejwt.views import TokenObtainPairView

# Create your views here.
class LoginView(TokenObtainPairView):
    def post(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        serializer = self.get_serializer(data=request.data)

        try:
            serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        except TokenError as e:
            raise InvalidToken(e.args[0])
        # 自定义登录成功后返回的数据信息
        result = serializer.validated_data
        result['id'] = serializer.user.id
        result['email'] = serializer.user.email
        result['mobile'] = serializer.user.mobile
        result['username'] = serializer.user.username
        result['token'] = result.pop('access')

        return Response(serializer.validated_data, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)

运行结果：

用户注册功能的实现

import re
from rest_framework import status
from rest_framework.response import Response
from rest_framework_simplejwt.exceptions import TokenError, InvalidToken
from rest_framework_simplejwt.views import TokenObtainPairView
from rest_framework.views import APIView
from .models import User
# Create your views here.
class RegisterView(APIView):
    def post(self,request):
        """注册：接收参数并校验、创建用户 """
        username = request.data.get('username')
        password = request.data.get('password')
        email = request.data.get('email')
        password_confirmation = request.data.get('password_confirmation')
        # 检验
        print(all([username,password,email,password_confirmation]))
        print([username,password,email,password_confirmation])
        if not all([username,password,email,password_confirmation]):
            return Response({'error':'所有参数不能为空'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        # 检验用户是否已存在
        if User.objects.filter(username=username).exists():
            return Response({'error':'用户名已存在'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        # check password
        if password !=password_confirmation:
            return Response({'error':'两次输入的密码不一致'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        if not (6<len(password)<18):
            return Response({'error':'密码长度需要在6-18位之间'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        # check email
        if User.objects.filter(email=email).exists():
            return Response({'error':'该邮箱已被他人注册'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        if not re.match(r'^[a-z0-9][\w.\-]*@[a-z0-9\-]+(\.[a-z]{2,5}){1,2}$',email):
            return Response({'error':'邮箱格式有误'},status=status.HTTP_422_UNPROCESSABLE_ENTITY)
        # 创建用户
        obj = User.objects.create_user(username=username,email=email,password=password)
        res = {
            'username':username,
            'id':obj.id,
            'email':obj.email
        }
        return Response(res,status=status.HTTP_201_CREATED)


# url 配置
path('register/', RegisterView.as_view(), name='register'),  # 注册

多字段用户登录功能支持

# 规范化格式，创建authentication.py放于common目录下

from django.contrib.auth.backends import ModelBackend
from apps.users.models import User
from django.db.models import Q
from rest_framework import serializers

class Authentication(ModelBackend):
    """自定义用户登录的认证类，实现多字段登录"""
    def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None, **kwargs):
        """支持使用手机号/邮箱/用户名登录"""
        try:
            user = User.objects.get(Q(username=username) | Q(mobile=username) | Q(email=username))
        except:
            raise serializers.ValidationError({'error':'未找到该用户!'})
            # check password
        if user.check_password(password):
            return user
        raise serializers.ValidationError({'error':'密码错误'})


# 配置setting 使用
# 使用自定义的认证类进行身份登录,登录时验证信息
AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS =[
    'common.authentication.Authentication',
]

注意上述代码使用 User 的导包方式

from apps.users.models import User √

from django.contrib.auth.models import User ×

因当前在setting设置的规范 AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.User'

第二行代码可能会导致找不到用户而抛出异常，此时的解决方法

from django.contrib.auth.models import User
from django.contrib.auth import get_user_model

User= get_user_model()  # 重写获取注册的app模型类

运行结果展示：

刷新 jwt token：当上述token失效时可以通过刷新refresh得到新的token

要求：检查参数不为空、检验密码账号正确、登录成功返回token，支持多字段登录

# 配置urls文件
from rest_framework_simplejwt.views import TokenRefreshView,TokenVerifyView

urlpatterns = [
    path('token/refresh/', TokenRefreshView.as_view(), name='token_refresh'),  # 刷新token
    path('token/verify/', TokenVerifyView.as_view(), name='token_verify'),  # 检验token
]

获取用户信息，要求如下

获取用户信息时进行权限检验，需要在请求中添加认证字段
防止越权篡改数据

# 定义序列化器
from rest_framework import serializers
from apps.users.models import User

class UserSerializer(serializers.ModelSerializer):
    """用户的模型序列化器"""
    class Meta:
        model = User
        fields = ['id','username','email','mobile','avatar','last_name']

# 定义视图
from .models import User
from .serializers import UserSerializer
from rest_framework.viewsets import GenericViewSet,mixins

# Create your views here.
class UserView(GenericViewSet,mixins.RetrieveModelMixin):
    """用户相关的操作视图集"""
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer

# 配置urls
path('users/<int:pk>/',UserView.as_view({'get':'retrieve'}), name='user_get'),  # 检验token

运行结果展示：

增加权限管理，防止当前用户访问其他用户

from rest_framework import permissions
class UserPermissions(permissions.BasePermission):
    """
    Custom permission to only allow owners of an object to edit it.
    """
    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        # 判断是否是管理员
        if request.user.is_superuser:
            return True
        # 判断当前的用户对象和登录的用户对象是否是同一个，防止越权
        return obj == request.user


# 更新配置视图文件
permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated,UserPermissions] # 设置权限认证

更多详细权限配置：4 - Authentication and permissions - Django REST framework

上传用户头像-

要求：检验参数avatar、文件大小不超过300kb、返回的url可以访问图片，防止用户越权

# 头像文件上传视图
class UserView(GenericViewSet,mixins.RetrieveModelMixin):
    """用户相关的操作视图集"""
    queryset = User.objects.all()
    serializer_class = UserSerializer
    permission_classes = [IsAuthenticated,UserPermissions] # 设置权限认证

    def upload_avatar(self,request,*args,**kwargs):
        """上传头像"""
        obj= self.get_object()
        avatar = request.data.get('avatar')
        if not avatar:
            return Response({'error':'上传文件不可为空!'},status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        size = avatar.size
        if size >1024*300:
            return Response({'error': '上传文件大小不可超过300kb!'}, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
        # partial 只对部分字段（上传的字段）进行校验
        serializer = self.get_serializer(obj,data={'avatar':avatar},partial=True)
        serializer.is_valid(raise_exception=True)
        serializer.save()
        return Response({'url':serializer.data['avatar']})

# setting配置
# 文件上传的路径
MEDIA_ROOT = BASE_DIR / 'file/image'
# 文件的url路径
MEDIA_URL = 'file/image/'


# 配置url
path('<int:pk>/avatar/upload/',UserView.as_view({'post':'upload_avatar'}), name='avatar_post')

头像文件获取

# 头像文件获取
class FileView(APIView):
    def get(self,request,name):
        path  = MEDIA_ROOT / name
        if os.path.isfile(path):
            return FileResponse(open(path,'rb'))
        return Response({"error":'没有找到该文件!'},status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)

# 配置总路由url
re_path(r'file/image/(.+?)/', FileView.as_view()),