default and flexable arguments

Functions with one default argument

# Define shout_echo
def shout_echo(word1, echo = 1):
    """Concatenate echo copies of word1 and three
     exclamation marks at the end of the string."""

    # Concatenate echo copies of word1 using *: echo_word
    echo_word = word1 * echo

    # Concatenate '!!!' to echo_word: shout_word
    shout_word = echo_word + '!!!'

    # Return shout_word
    return shout_word

# Call shout_echo() with "Hey": no_echo
no_echo = shout_echo("Hey")

# Call shout_echo() with "Hey" and echo=5: with_echo
with_echo = shout_echo("Hey", echo = 5)

# Print no_echo and with_echo
print(no_echo)
print(with_echo)

<script.py> output:
Hey!!!
HeyHeyHeyHeyHey!!!

Functions with multiple default arguments

# Define shout_echo
def shout_echo(word1, echo = 1, intense = False):
    """Concatenate echo copies of word1 and three
    exclamation marks at the end of the string."""

    # Concatenate echo copies of word1 using *: echo_word
    echo_word = word1 * echo

    # Capitalize echo_word if intense is True
    if intense is True:
        # Capitalize and concatenate '!!!': echo_word_new
        echo_word_new = echo_word.upper() + '!!!'
    else:
        # Concatenate '!!!' to echo_word: echo_word_new
        echo_word_new = echo_word + '!!!'

    # Return echo_word_new
    return echo_word_new

# Call shout_echo() with "Hey", echo=5 and intense=True: with_big_echo
with_big_echo = shout_echo('Hey', echo = 5, intense = True)

# Call shout_echo() with "Hey" and intense=True: big_no_echo
big_no_echo = shout_echo('Hey', intense = True)

# Print values
print(with_big_echo)
print(big_no_echo)

<script.py> output:
HEYHEYHEYHEYHEY!!!
HEY!!!

Functions with variable-length arguments (*args)

# Define gibberish
def gibberish(*args):
    """Concatenate strings in *args together."""

    # Initialize an empty string: hodgepodge
    hodgepodge = ''

    # Concatenate the strings in args
    for word in args:
        hodgepodge += word

    # Return hodgepodge
    return hodgepodge

# Call gibberish() with one string: one_word
one_word = gibberish('luke')

# Call gibberish() with five strings: many_words
many_words = gibberish("luke", "leia", "han", "obi", "darth")

# Print one_word and many_words
print(one_word)
print(many_words)

<script.py> output:
luke
lukeleiahanobidarth

Functions with variable-length keyword arguments (**kwargs)
What makes **kwargs different is that it allows you to pass a variable number of keyword arguments to functions. kwargs is a dictionary.

# Define report_status
def report_status(**kwargs):
    """Print out the status of a movie character."""

    print("\nBEGIN: REPORT\n")

    # Iterate over the key-value pairs of kwargs
    for key, value in kwargs.items():
        # Print out the keys and values, separated by a colon ':'
        print(key + ": " + value)

    print("\nEND REPORT")

# First call to report_status()
report_status(name='luke', affiliation='jedi', status='missing')

# Second call to report_status()
report_status(name='anakin', affiliation='sith lord', status='deceased')

这里是引用

<script.py> output:
BEGIN: REPORT

name: luke
affiliation: jedi
status: missing

END REPORT

BEGIN: REPORT

name: anakin
affiliation: sith lord
status: deceased

END REPORT

# Define count_entries()
def count_entries(df, *args):
    """Return a dictionary with counts of
    occurrences as value for each key."""
    
    #Initialize an empty dictionary: cols_count
    cols_count = {}
    
    # Iterate over column names in args
    for col_name in args:
    
        # Extract column from DataFrame: col
        col = df[col_name]
    
        # Iterate over the column in DataFrame
        for entry in col:
    
            # If entry is in cols_count, add 1
            if entry in cols_count.keys():
                cols_count[entry] += 1
    
            # Else add the entry to cols_count, set the value to 1
            else:
                cols_count[entry] = 1

    # Return the cols_count dictionary
    return cols_count

# Call count_entries(): result1
result1 = count_entries(tweets_df, 'lang')

# Call count_entries(): result2
result2 = count_entries(tweets_df, 'lang', 'source')

# Print result1 and result2
print(result1)
print(result2)