C语言实现bmp图像对比度扩展

假设有一幅图，由于成象时光照不足，使得整幅图偏暗(例如，灰度范围从0到63)；或者成象时光照过强，使得整幅图偏亮(例如，灰度范围从200到255)，我们称这些情况为低对比度，即灰度都挤在一起，没有拉开。灰度扩展的意思就是把你所感性趣的灰度范围拉开，使得该范围内的象素，亮的越亮，暗的越暗，从而达到了增强对比度的目的。

我们可以用下图来说明对比度扩展(contrast stretching)的原理：

图中的横坐标gold表示原图的灰度值，纵坐标gnew表示gold经过对比度扩展后得到了新的灰度值。a,b,c为三段直线的斜率，因为是对比度扩展，所以斜率b>1。g1old和g2old表示原图中要进行对比度扩展的范围，g1new和g2new表示对应的新值。用公式表示为：

实现代码：

#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
#pragma pack(1)   //全紧凑模式

typedef struct {
	unsigned char bfType[2];
	unsigned int bfSize;
	unsigned short bfReserved1;
	unsigned short bfReserved2;
	unsigned int bfOffBits;
}bitmapFileHeader;

typedef struct {
	unsigned int biSize;
	unsigned int biWidth;
	unsigned int biHeight;
	unsigned short biPlanes;
	unsigned short biBitCount;
	unsigned int biCompression;
	unsigned int biSizeImage;
	unsigned int biXPixPerMeter;
	unsigned int biYPixPerMeter;
	unsigned int biClrUsed;
	unsigned int biClrImportant;
}bitmapInfoHeader;


typedef struct{
	unsigned char rgbBlue;
	unsigned char rgbGreen;
	unsigned char rgbRed;
	unsigned char rgbReserved;

}rgbQUAD;

typedef struct{
	bitmapFileHeader bfHeader;
	bitmapInfoHeader biHeader;
	rgbQUAD palette[256];
	unsigned char *imgData;
}bmp;

int main(){
	FILE *fp;
	if((fp=fopen("d:\Temp\\test_gray.bmp","rb"))==NULL){
		perror("can not open file!");
		return -1;
	}
	//读入彩色bmp图像文件头，信息头和图像数据
	bitmapFileHeader bfHeader;
	fread(&bfHeader,14,1,fp);
	bitmapInfoHeader biHeader;
	fread(&biHeader,40,1,fp);
	int imSize=biHeader.biSizeImage;
	int width=biHeader.biWidth;
	int height=biHeader.biHeight;
	int bitCount=biHeader.biBitCount;
	int lineBytes=(width*bitCount+31)/32*4;
	
	fseek(fp,bfHeader.bfOffBits,SEEK_SET);
	unsigned char*imageData=(unsigned char*)malloc(imSize*sizeof(unsigned char));
	fread(imageData,imSize*sizeof(unsigned char),1,fp);	
	fclose(fp);

	bmp b;
	memcpy(&(b.bfHeader),&bfHeader,sizeof(bfHeader));
	memcpy(&(b.biHeader),&biHeader,sizeof(biHeader));
	b.imgData=(unsigned char*)malloc(sizeof(unsigned char)*imSize);
	memset(b.imgData,0,sizeof(unsigned char)*imSize);
	for(int i=0;i<256;i++){
		b.palette[i].rgbBlue=i;
		b.palette[i].rgbGreen=i;
		b.palette[i].rgbRed=i;
	}
	
	int i,j,temp;
	double m=1.5,g1=100.0,g2=200.0; //m在这里对应斜率b，因为“b”这个符号被bmp图像结构名占了
	double a=(255.0-m*(g2-g1))/(255.0-(g2-g1));
	for(i=0;i<height;i++){
		for(j=0;j<width;j++){
			temp=imageData[lineBytes*i+j];
			if(temp<g1)
				b.imgData[lineBytes*i+j]=(unsigned char)(a*temp);
			else if(temp<g2)
				b.imgData[lineBytes*i+j]=(unsigned char)(g1+m*(temp-g1));
			else 
				b.imgData[lineBytes*i+j]=(unsigned char)(g2+a*(temp-g2));

		}
	}
	
	char savePath[]="D:\Temp\\save_test.bmp";
	FILE *f_save=fopen(savePath,"wb");
	if(f_save==NULL){
		perror("can not open file!");
		return -2;
	}

	fwrite(&b.bfHeader,sizeof(bitmapFileHeader),1,f_save);
	fwrite(&b.biHeader,sizeof(bitmapInfoHeader),1,f_save);
	fwrite(&b.palette,1024,1,f_save);
	fwrite(b.imgData,sizeof(unsigned char)*b.biHeader.biSizeImage,1,f_save);
	fclose(f_save);
	
	free(imageData);
	free(b.imgData);
	getchar();
	return 0;
}

代码效果：

原图像：

灰度（100-200）扩展图像：